2025A&A...701A.225B

Context. Fast X-ray transients (FXTs) are a rare and poorly understood phenomenon with a variety of possible progenitors. The launch of the Einstein Probe (EP) mission has facilitated a rapid increase in the real-time discovery and follow-up of FXTs.
Aims. We focus on the recent EP discovered transient EP241021a, which shows a peculiar panchromatic behavior, with the aim of understanding its origin.
Methods. We obtained optical and near-infrared multiband imaging and spectroscopy with the Fraunhofer Telescope at Wendelstein Observatory, the Hobby-Eberly Telescope, and the Very Large Telescope of the newly discovered EP transient EP241021a over the first 100 days of its evolution.
Results. EP241021a was discovered by EP as a soft X-ray trigger, but was not detected at gamma-ray frequencies. The observed soft X-ray prompt emission spectrum is consistent with nonthermal radiation, which requires at least a mildly relativistic outflow with a bulk Lorentz factor Γ ≳ 4. The optical and near-infrared light curve displays a two-component behavior, where an initially fading component, ∼ t^–1, transitions to a rise steeper than ∼ t³ after a few days, before peaking at an absolute magnitude of M_r ≈ -21.8 mag and quickly returning to the initial decay. Standard supernova models are unable to reproduce either the absolute magnitude or the rapid timescale (< 2 d) of the rebrightening. The X-ray, optical and near-infrared spectral energy distributions display a red color, r - J ≈ 0.8 mag, and point to a nonthermal origin (∼ ν^–1) for the broadband emission. Considering a gamma-ray burst as a plausible scenario, we favor a refreshed shock as the cause of the rebrightening. This is consistent with the inference of an at least mildly relativistic outflow based on the prompt trigger.
Conclusions. Our results suggest a link between EP-discovered FXTs and gamma-ray bursts, despite the lack of gamma-ray detections for the majority of EP transients.