2025A&A...704A..42F

Query : 2025A&A...704A..42F

2025A&A...704A..42F - Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 704A42 (2025/12-1)

PENELLOPE VII. Revisiting empirical relations to measure accretion luminosity.

FIORELLINO E., ALCALA J.M., MANARA C.F., PITTMAN C.V., ABRAHAM P., VENUTI L., CABRIT S., CLAES R., FANG M., KOSPAL A., LODATO G., MAUCO K. and TYCHONIEC L.

Abstract (from CDS):

Context. The accretion luminosity (Lacc) in young, low-mass stars is crucial for understanding stellar formation. However, obtaining direct measurements is often hindered by limited spectral coverage and challenges in UV-excess modeling. Empirical relations linking Lacc to various accretion tracers are widely used to overcome these limitations.
Aims. This work revisits these empirical relations using the PENELLOPE dataset, evaluating their applicability across different star-forming regions as well as accreting young objects other than Classical T Tauri Stars (CTTSs; Class II sources).
Methods. We analyzed the PENELLOPE VLT/X-shooter dataset of 64 CTTSs, measuring fluxes of several accretion tracers and adopting the stellar and accretion parameters derived from studies based on PENELLOPE. For 61 sources, we supplemented our analysis with the ODYSSEUS HST data set, which covers a wider spectral range in NUV bands.
Results. We compared the Lacc values obtained in the PENELLOPE and ODYSSEUS surveys, which employed a single hydrogen slab model (XS-fit) and a multi-column accretion shock model (HST-fit), respectively, and found statistically consistent results. Our analysis confirms that existing empirical relations, previously derived for the Lupus sample, provide reliable Lacc estimates for CTTSs in several other star-forming regions. We revisit empirical relations for accretion tracers in our dataset, based on HST-fit, with coefficients which are consistent within 1σ with XS-fit results for most lines. We also propose a method to estimate extinction using these relations and investigate the empirical relations for Brackett lines (Br8 to Br21).
Conclusions. The Lacc - Lline empirical relations can be successfully used for statistical studies of accretion on young forming objects in different star-forming regions. These relations also offer a promising approach to independently estimate extinction in CTTSs, provided a sufficient number of flux-calibrated tracers are available across a broad spectral range. We confirm that near-infrared lines (Paβ and Brγ) serve as reliable tracers of Lacc in high accretors, making them valuable tools for probing accretion properties of high accreting young stars not accessible in the UVB.

Abstract Copyright: © The Authors 2025

Journal keyword(s): circumstellar matter - stars: formation - stars: low-mass - stars: pre-main sequence - stars: solar-type - stars: variables: T Tauri, Herbig Ae/Be

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/A+A/704/A42): tablea1.dat>

Status at CDS : Tables of objects will be appraised for possible ingestion in SIMBAD.

Simbad objects: 87

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Number of rows : 87
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 EM* LkCa 4 Or* 04 16 28.1067298272 +28 07 35.731363080   13.96 12.78 11.825   K7:Ve 208 0
2 NAME Auriga reg 04 20 00.0 +38 05 00           ~ 238 0
3 V* DE Tau Or* 04 21 55.6347850824 +27 55 06.184016436 15.18 15.13 13.80     M3Ve 286 0
4 V* DK Tau Or* 04 30 44.243376 +26 01 24.65328 13.32 14.59 13.05 12.08   K7e+K7e 350 0
5 V* DM Tau Or* 04 33 48.7336763736 +18 10 09.973460280 14.30 14.82 14.00     M2Ve 731 0
6 V* AA Tau Or* 04 34 55.4201902392 +24 28 53.033624580 13.14 13.34 12.20 12.03   K5Ve 801 0
7 V* DN Tau Or* 04 35 27.3776226144 +24 14 58.910343720 13.56 12.88 11.50 11.79   M1:Ve 448 0
8 HD 285957 TT* 04 38 39.0722950320 +15 46 13.573577352   11.75 10.863   9.616 K2 65 0
9 EM* LkCa 15 Or* 04 39 17.7911622816 +22 21 03.390090984   13.01 12.03 11.61   K5:Ve 792 1
10 NAME Taurus Complex SFR 04 41.0 +25 52           ~ 4971 0
11 Kiso A-0903 176 TT* 05 29 23.2624377048 -01 25 15.450602844     14.79   13.27 K7 51 0
12 Kiso A-0904 1 TT* 05 31 20.6291174208 -00 49 19.847243748     14.72   13.37 K7 38 0
13 Haro 5-64 TT* 05 32 06.3834880079 -01 11 00.110270575   15.02 14.22 14.11 12.83 K7 40 0
14 Kiso A-0904 4 TT* 05 32 25.7812188960 -00 36 53.368167024     14.65   12.82 K7 42 0
15 Haro 5-66 TT* 05 32 32.6499109067 -01 13 45.834165548     13.89   12.27 M0 42 0
16 Ass Ori OB 1b As* 05 34.0 -01 30           ~ 281 0
17 Haro 5-73 TT* 05 35 46.0021680168 -00 57 52.235092944     14.11   12.52 K6 42 0
18 NAME Ori I As* 05 38 -02.8           ~ 653 0
19 V* V505 Ori TT* 05 38 27.2560402224 -02 45 09.705640104     14.16 13.54 12.85 K7e 65 0
20 V* TX Ori TT* 05 38 33.6879729168 -02 44 14.166027204 13.75 13.16 12.06 11.38 10.73 K4.5 59 0
21 NAME sig Ori Cluster OpC 05 38 42 -02 36.0           ~ 623 0
22 Kiso A-0904 76 TT* 05 39 02.5746849144 -01 20 32.445597480     13.73   12.33 K6 29 1
23 Haro 5-25 TT* 05 39 39.3780952152 -02 17 04.499525544   16.95 15.35 14.29 13.24 M0.0 42 0
24 Haro 5-27 TT* 05 39 39.8261592024 -02 31 21.865624536 14.589   14.30 13.92 13.073 K5.5 93 0
25 Haro 5-91 TT* 05 40 24.1515863352 -00 31 21.401551776     15.48   13.04 M3 30 0
26 V* EG Cha Or* 08 36 56.2143359952 -78 56 45.633633000   11.82 10.457   9.010 K4Ve 110 0
27 V* EK Cha Or* 08 42 27.0967343784 -78 57 47.910415932   16.659 15.153 14.893   M4.5 84 0
28 Cl Mamajek 1 OpC 08 42 32.9 -78 57 47           ~ 392 0
29 V* EL Cha TT* 08 42 38.7832034688 -78 54 42.736732812   15.540 14.081 13.778   M3.0 69 0
30 V* ET Cha Or* 08 43 18.5853516024 -79 05 18.232481832     13.97     M4.0 99 0
31 RECX 16 LM* 08 44 09.1596371520 -78 33 45.774374724     18.4     M6.0 49 0
32 V* EN Cha Or* 08 44 16.421808 -78 59 08.06316   16.425 14.967 14.688   M4.5 70 0
33 V* EP Cha Or* 08 47 01.6439909496 -78 59 34.380161016     11.1     K5IVe 109 0
34 V* SY Cha Or* 10 56 30.3883129248 -77 11 39.401977596         11.29 K5Ve 194 0
35 V* CS Cha Or* 11 02 24.8763629208 -77 33 35.667131796   12.88 11.69   10.123 K2Ve 261 0
36 Ass Cha T 1-8 TT* 11 02 55.0255671144 -77 21 50.814186624     16.25 15.17 13.40 M4.5e 76 0
37 Hn 5 Or* 11 06 41.7902217936 -76 35 49.067303964         13.61 M4.5e 67 0
38 NAME Cha 1 MoC 11 06 48 -77 18.0           ~ 1266 1
39 V* DI Cha Or* 11 07 20.7276076008 -77 38 07.308086352   12.02 10.74 10.72   G2Ve 190 0
40 V* VW Cha Or* 11 08 01.502064 -77 42 28.87524 13.91 14.165 12.761 12.653 10.69 K7+M0 202 0
41 V* VZ Cha Or* 11 09 23.7739008528 -76 23 20.857480836   13.82 12.94   12.14 K7e 162 0
42 V* WZ Cha Or* 11 10 53.3212598040 -76 34 32.057703048   16.41 15.48   13.07 M4Ve 84 0
43 V* XX Cha Or* 11 11 39.6728641032 -76 20 15.032221548   16.67 15.28   12.56 M3Ve 137 1
44 CHX 18N TT* 11 11 46.3370290776 -76 20 08.948823324   13.27 11.96   10.37 K5IVe 93 1
45 Sz 40 Or* 11 12 09.8312703024 -76 34 36.490702728   15.2     13.41 M4.5Ve 79 0
46 V* CV Cha Or* 11 12 27.7055693328 -76 44 22.302807396   12.02 10.98 10.51 9.76 G9Ve 216 1
47 Ass Cha T 1-32 Or* 11 17 36.9756803040 -77 04 38.123504472   13.1 13.50   11.78 M0.5e 102 0
48 NAME Chamaeleon Region SFR 11 55 -78.0           ~ 887 0
49 NAME eps Cha Association OpC 11 59 51 -78 12.4           ~ 188 0
50 [FLG2003] eps Cha 7 Or* 12 00 09.3128921712 -78 11 42.320917104           K3IV 28 0
51 Sz 66 TT* 15 39 28.2828956688 -34 46 18.082914564   14.9   14.51 12.56 M2 75 0
52 CD-33 10685 Or* 15 45 12.8678037432 -34 17 30.644403036 12.47 11.56 10.224 9.60 8.685 K3Ve 306 1
53 V* HW Lup Or* 15 45 17.4118414392 -34 18 28.286447220   17.41 16.25     M1 87 0
54 V* GW Lup Or* 15 46 44.7290527536 -34 30 35.677420056   13.8       M1.5e 201 0
55 V* HM Lup Or* 15 47 50.6288371920 -35 28 35.404076028   15.941 14.748 14.337   M3e 103 0
56 V* GQ Lup Or* 15 49 12.1053805848 -35 39 05.058139788 12.19 12.76 11.66 11.15   K7Ve 334 1
57 Sz 76 TT* 15 49 30.7355449512 -35 49 51.413284020   16.611 15.095 14.710   M3.2 58 0
58 Sz 77 TT* 15 51 46.9580885472 -35 56 44.112678504   12.0       K5.5 86 0
59 WRAY 15-1384 TT* 15 56 02.0994258408 -36 55 28.274506140 14.91 14.342 13.470 13.311 11.86 M1 56 0
60 THA 15-12 Or* 15 56 09.2066646912 -37 56 06.126118692   13.12 11.93 11.45   M0e 554 0
61 Sz 84 TT* 15 58 02.5198436808 -37 36 02.729938536   14.3       M5.0e 85 0
62 WRAY 15-1400 TT* 15 59 16.4717314824 -41 57 10.300018176   13.5 12.0     K7IVe 125 0
63 V* RY Lup Or* 15 59 28.3864710696 -40 21 51.249496176   12.62 9.90     G8/K1IV-V 251 0
64 UCAC3 96-205744 Or* 16 00 00.6018563304 -42 21 56.821951152   17.29 15.85 15.25 13.43 M4.5 47 0
65 Sz 130 TT* 16 00 31.0374709944 -41 43 36.988516560   15.82 14.71 13.56 12.46 M1.5 73 0
66 V* MY Lup TT* 16 00 44.5202267160 -41 55 30.935126748   12.64 12.17 11.06   K0 144 0
67 NAME Lupus Complex SFR 16 03 -38.1           ~ 851 0
68 THA 15-24 Or* 16 08 21.8037909864 -39 04 21.491863824   16.18 14.61 14.67 12.92 M3 70 0
69 V* V1279 Sco Or* 16 08 22.4935277520 -39 04 46.427612052   14.99 13.66 11.70 11.21 M0.4 154 1
70 THA 15-25 Or* 16 08 24.0422612880 -39 05 49.433170740   15.49 16.00 15.39 14.17 M3.5 59 0
71 THA 15-26 Or* 16 08 25.7633674272 -39 06 01.247043888   16.62 15.43 14.97 13.12 M5 79 0
72 THA 15-29 Or* 16 08 30.2687378568 -39 06 11.176056000   14.8 11.14 15.18 13.15 M4 76 0
73 IRAS 16051-3820 Or* 16 08 30.6994064064 -38 28 26.846324004   11.89 11.15 10.67   K2 89 0
74 THA 15-30 TT* 16 08 30.8142130416 -39 05 48.837746436   15.2 15.25 13.96 13.57 M5 73 0
75 V* V1193 Sco Or* 16 08 51.5693655096 -39 03 17.707587264   15.27 14.58 13.72 12.28 M4.5 82 0
76 THA 15-33 TT* 16 08 54.6849382512 -39 37 43.145069664   15.34 13.98 13.29   M1IVe 109 0
77 THA 15-35 Or* 16 09 01.8486544824 -39 05 12.414717240   15.33 14.12 14.35 12.54 M5.5 142 0
78 Sz 115 TT* 16 09 06.2137580736 -39 08 51.873869400   16.88 15.48 15.09 13.12 ~ 58 0
79 THA 15-37 Or* 16 09 44.3607357216 -39 13 30.167581764   15.84 14.59 14.20 12.38 M2 70 0
80 UCAC3 104-204438 Or* 16 12 43.7499349656 -38 15 03.075603264   15.00 13.44 13.39 11.61 M1 62 0
81 2MASS J16134410-3736462 Or* 16 13 44.1007544088 -37 36 46.261518840   17.97   16.37 14.66 M5 36 0
82 NAME Serpens Cloud SFR 18 29 49 +01 14.8           ~ 1195 1
83 WRAY 15-1880 TT* 18 42 57.9813628512 -35 32 42.826760736   12.91 11.77     K2 84 0
84 IRAS 18489-3703 TT* 18 52 17.3013456504 -37 00 11.948920920   12.7 12.194   10.842 K7V 84 0
85 NAME Corona Australis Cloud MoC 19 01 51 -36 58.9           ~ 554 0
86 NGC 7000 Cl* 20 58 47 +44 19.8           ~ 427 0
87 IC 5146 OpC 21 53 29.3 +47 14 46           ~ 507 2

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