2025A&A...704A.214J

Query : 2025A&A...704A.214J

2025A&A...704A.214J - Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 704A214 (2025/12-1)

Frequency evolution of pulsar emission Further evidence for the fan beam model.

JAROENJITTICHAI P., JOHNSTON S., DAI S., KERR M., LOWER M.E., MANCHESTER R.N., OSWALD L.S., SHANNON R.M., SOBEY C. and WELTEVREDE P.

Abstract (from CDS):

Aims. We explore frequency-dependent changes in pulsar radio emission by analyzing their profile widths and emission heights, assessing whether the simple radius-to-frequency mapping (RFM) or the fan beam model can describe the data.
Methods. Using wideband (704-4032 MHz) Murriyang (Parkes) observations of over 100 pulsars, we measured profile widths at multiple intensity levels, fit Gaussian components, and used aberration-retardation effects to estimate emission altitudes. We compared trends in width evolution and emission height with a fan beam model.
Results. Similar to other recent studies, we find that while many pulsars show profiles narrowing with increasing frequency, a substantial fraction show the reverse. The Gaussian decomposition of the profiles reveals that the peak locations of the components vary little with frequency. However, the component widths do, in general, narrow with increasing frequency. This argues that propagation effects are responsible for the width evolution of the profiles rather than emission height. Overall, the evolution of the emission height with frequency is unclear and clouded by the assumptions in the model. Spin-down luminosity correlates weakly with profile narrowing but not with emission height.
Conclusions. The classic picture where pulsars emit at a single emission height that decreases with increasing observing frequency cannot explain the diversity in behavior observed here. Instead, pulsar beams likely originate from extended regions at multiple altitudes, with fan beam or patchy structures dominating their frequency evolution. Future models must incorporate realistic plasma physics and multi-altitude emission to capture the range of pulsar behaviors.

Abstract Copyright: © The Authors 2025

Journal keyword(s): polarization - pulsars: general

Status at CDS : Large table(s) will be appraised for possible ingestion in VizieR.

Simbad objects: 213

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Number of rows : 213
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 PSR B0031-07 Psr 00 34 08.9100 -07 21 56.000           ~ 350 0
2 PSR J0108-1431 Psr 01 08 08.29 -14 31 48.5           ~ 113 0
3 PSR J0134-2937 Psr 01 34 18.69390 -29 37 17.1570           ~ 60 0
4 PSR B0148-06 Psr 01 51 22.71800 -06 35 02.9800           ~ 112 0
5 PSR B0149-16 Psr 01 52 10.85400 -16 37 53.6300           ~ 130 0
6 PSR B0203-40 Psr 02 06 01.29310 -40 28 03.6160           ~ 62 0
7 PSR B0254-53 Psr 02 55 56.2925 -53 04 21.275           ~ 71 0
8 PSR B0301+19 Psr 03 04 33.115 +19 32 51.40           ~ 247 0
9 PSR B0403-76 Psr 04 01 51.75000 -76 08 12.9500           ~ 57 0
10 PSR J0448-2757 Psr 04 48 41.567 -27 49 46.74           ~ 27 0
11 PSR B0450-18 Psr 04 52 34.11900 -17 59 23.1500           ~ 203 1
12 PSR B0523+11 Psr 05 25 56.49800 +11 15 18.8000           ~ 125 1
13 PSR B0538-75 Psr 05 36 30.82900 -75 43 54.6300           ~ 75 0
14 PSR B0540+23 Psr 05 43 09.65 +23 29 06.1     14.40     ~ 278 0
15 PSR B0559-05 Psr 06 01 58.97310 -05 27 50.9200           ~ 102 0
16 PSR B0611+22 Psr 06 14 17.0324288405 +22 29 57.017874999           ~ 285 0
17 PSR B0621-04 Psr 06 24 20.02500 -04 24 50.5600           ~ 78 0
18 PSR B0628-28 Psr 06 30 49.35000 -28 34 42.1000           ~ 313 1
19 PSR J0631+10 Psr 06 31 27.369 +10 37 05.63           ~ 152 0
20 PSR B0656+14 Psr 06 59 48.18800 +14 14 19.2000   24.85 24.90     ~ 943 1
21 PSR J0729-1448 Psr 07 29 16.45 -14 48 36.8           ~ 71 0
22 PSR B0727-18 Psr 07 29 32.2900 -18 36 42.210           ~ 102 0
23 PSR B0736-40 Psr 07 38 32.2620 -40 42 39.420           ~ 212 0
24 PSR B0740-28 Psr 07 42 49.0730 -28 22 43.510           ~ 445 0
25 PSR B0744-53 Psr 07 45 02.3 -53 51 22           ~ 58 0
26 PSR B0756-15 Psr 07 58 29.06100 -15 28 08.3330           ~ 72 0
27 PSR B0808-47 Psr 08 09 43.83400 -47 53 54.8500           ~ 61 0
28 PSR B0818-41 Psr 08 20 15.46000 -41 14 35.2000           ~ 100 0
29 PSR B0818-13 Psr 08 20 26.40700 -13 50 56.3200           ~ 229 0
30 NAME Vela Pulsar Psr 08 35 20.65525 -45 10 35.1545     15.10     ~ 2446 1
31 PSR B0834+06 Psr 08 37 05.64620 +06 10 15.8700           ~ 472 0
32 PSR B0835-41 Psr 08 37 21.1943 -41 35 14.563     12.69     ~ 149 0
33 PSR B0840-48 Psr 08 42 05.44430 -48 51 20.6000           ~ 47 0
34 PSR J0855-4644 Psr 08 55 36.160 -46 44 13.46           ~ 62 1
35 PSR J0857-4424 Psr 08 57 55.8823806144 -44 24 10.616717376           ~ 39 0
36 PSR J0901-4624 Psr 09 01 40.110 -46 24 48.45           ~ 30 0
37 PSR B0904-74 Psr 09 04 10.47000 -74 59 41.7000           ~ 35 0
38 PSR J0905-5127 Psr 09 05 51.922 -51 27 48.71           ~ 51 0
39 PSR B0905-51 Psr 09 07 15.90100 -51 57 59.3600           ~ 82 0
40 PSR B0906-17 Psr 09 08 38.22700 -17 39 39.9000           ~ 100 0
41 PSR B0923-58 Psr 09 24 30.82000 -58 14 05.1000           ~ 48 0
42 PSR J0940-5428 Psr 09 40 58.22 -54 28 40.6           ~ 61 0
43 PSR B0940-55 Psr 09 42 14.88000 -55 52 55.1000           ~ 101 0
44 PSR J0954-5430 Psr 09 54 06.04 -54 30 53.5           ~ 34 0
45 PSR B0957-47 Psr 09 59 26.21200 -48 09 47.4700           ~ 47 0
46 PSR B0959-54 Psr 10 01 37.85000 -55 07 07.8000           ~ 113 0
47 PSR B1001-47 Psr 10 03 21.52900 -47 47 01.1900           ~ 56 0
48 PSR J1014-5719 Psr 10 15 37.96 -57 19 12.8           ~ 44 0
49 PSR J1016-58 Psr 10 16 21.266 -58 57 11.70           ~ 129 3
50 PSR B1015-56 Psr 10 17 12.83100 -56 21 30.5170     14.40     ~ 52 0
51 PSR J1028-5819 Psr 10 28 27.888 -58 19 06.14           ~ 122 1
52 PSR J1034-3224 Psr 10 34 19.46000 -32 24 26.2000           ~ 57 0
53 PSR B1036-58 Psr 10 38 19.700 -58 31 27.18           ~ 28 0
54 PSR J1043-6116 Psr 10 43 55.22200 -61 16 51.2900           ~ 32 0
55 PSR B1044-57 Psr 10 46 18.81500 -58 13 51.8900           ~ 43 0
56 PSR J1047-6711 Psr 10 47 28.28500 -67 09 51.6100           ~ 34 0
57 PSR B1046-58 Psr 10 48 13.10000 -58 32 03.0000           ~ 293 0
58 PSR J1049-5833 Psr 10 49 50.34 -58 33 44.6           ~ 22 0
59 PSR B1054-62 Psr 10 56 25.5840 -62 58 47.690           ~ 94 0
60 PSR J1105-6107 Psr 11 05 26.1400 -61 07 48.940           ~ 129 0
61 PSR B1107-56 Psr 11 10 00.37120 -56 37 32.5700     11.05     ~ 36 0
62 PSR B1112-60 Psr 11 14 22.69000 -61 00 32.1000           ~ 37 0
63 PSR J1115-6052 Psr 11 15 53.68 -60 52 17.8           ~ 26 0
64 PSR J1119-6127 Psr 11 19 14.30 -61 27 49.5           ~ 439 1
65 PSR J1123-6256 Psr 11 23 55.53000 -62 59 10.9200           ~ 39 0
66 PSR B1133-55 Psr 11 36 02.23540 -55 25 06.8430           ~ 56 0
67 PSR B1133+16 Psr 11 36 03.09460 +15 51 15.9000           ~ 715 0
68 PSR B1143-60 Psr 11 46 07.71520 -60 30 59.6220           ~ 51 0
69 PSR J1156-5707 Psr 11 56 07.45 -57 07 01.9           ~ 22 0
70 PSR B1154-62 Psr 11 57 15.2070 -62 24 50.930           ~ 118 0
71 PSR J1209-5556 Psr 12 10 05.98706 -55 59 03.8501           ~ 24 0
72 PSR B1221-63 Psr 12 24 22.2740 -64 07 53.834           ~ 122 0
73 PSR B1222-63 Psr 12 25 42.8 -64 08 43           ~ 36 0
74 PSR B1240-64 Psr 12 43 17.2912183824 -64 23 23.082548820           ~ 119 0
75 PSR J1253-5819 Psr 12 53 28.41800 -58 20 40.4700           ~ 42 0
76 CPD-63 2495 HXB 13 02 47.6544015048 -63 50 08.626970292 10.34 10.72 9.98 10.03   O9.5Ve 852 0
77 PSR J1305-6203 Psr 13 05 20.90 -62 03 21.6           ~ 26 0
78 PSR B1303-66 Psr 13 06 38.12000 -66 17 21.2000           ~ 38 0
79 PSR B1316-60 Psr 13 19 20.25000 -60 56 46.7900           ~ 29 0
80 PSR B1317-53 Psr 13 20 53.93200 -53 59 04.9670           ~ 59 0
81 PSR B1322-66 Psr 13 26 02.70600 -67 00 50.1000           ~ 55 0
82 PSR B1323-63 Psr 13 26 32.43300 -64 08 43.8000           ~ 47 0
83 PSR B1323-58 Psr 13 26 58.2170 -58 59 29.290           ~ 82 0
84 PSR J1327-6301 Psr 13 27 07.43200 -63 01 15.5100           ~ 36 0
85 PSR B1323-62 Psr 13 27 17.1760 -62 22 45.460           ~ 100 0
86 PSR B1325-43 Psr 13 28 06.41980 -43 57 44.5000           ~ 79 0
87 PSR B1334-61 Psr 13 38 09.24700 -62 04 18.7000           ~ 36 0
88 PSR J1352-6803 Psr 13 52 34.44 -68 03 36.8           ~ 19 0
89 PSR J1356-5521 Psr 13 56 50.49000 -55 21 15.2000           ~ 23 0
90 PSR J1357-6429 Psr 13 57 02.525 -64 29 29.89           ~ 171 1
91 PSR B1354-62 Psr 13 57 25.0 -62 28 00           ~ 42 0
92 PSR B1356-60 Psr 13 59 58.2480 -60 38 07.550           ~ 131 0
93 PSR B1358-63 Psr 14 01 52.45000 -63 57 42.0000           ~ 83 0
94 PSR J1412-6145 Psr 14 12 07.69 -61 45 28.8           ~ 45 1
95 PSR J1420-6048 Psr 14 20 08.190 -60 48 14.85           ~ 214 0
96 PSR J1424-5822 Psr 14 24 32.13000 -58 22 55.7000           ~ 19 0
97 PSR B1424-55 Psr 14 28 26.24000 -55 30 50.0600           ~ 52 0
98 PSR B1426-66 Psr 14 30 40.73200 -66 23 05.5460           ~ 102 0
99 PSR B1449-64 Psr 14 53 32.6546 -64 13 16.047           ~ 158 0
100 PSR J1455-59 Psr 14 55.1 -59 23           ~ 3 0
101 PSR B1451-68 Psr 14 56 00.0175876848 -68 43 40.034742348           ~ 203 0
102 PSR B1509-58 Psr 15 13 47.6 -59 07 54     13.06     ~ 879 1
103 PSR B1518-58 Psr 15 22 42.24400 -58 29 02.8150           ~ 39 0
104 PSR J1524-5706 Psr 15 24 21.43 -57 06 35.0           ~ 28 0
105 PSR J1524-5625 Psr 15 24 49.820 -56 25 24.07           ~ 36 0
106 PSR J1530-5327 Psr 15 30 26.87 -53 27 56.3           ~ 32 0
107 PSR J1531-5610 Psr 15 31 27.91 -56 10 55.0           ~ 59 0
108 PSR B1530-53 Psr 15 34 08.3012586672 -53 34 20.547404184           ~ 80 0
109 PSR B1530-53.9 Psr 15 34 33.59000 -54 05 40.5000           ~ 34 0
110 PSR J1535-4114 Psr 15 35 17.07 -41 14 03.1           ~ 19 0
111 PSR J1536-5433 Psr 15 36 04.82 -54 33 15.0           ~ 16 0
112 PSR B1535-56 Psr 15 39 14.07000 -56 26 26.2000           ~ 64 0
113 PSR B1541-52 Psr 15 44 59.82940 -53 08 46.9530           ~ 52 0
114 PSR J1548-5607 Psr 15 48 43.8746461512 -56 07 35.458209840           ~ 30 0
115 PSR B1552-31 Psr 15 55 17.94700 -31 34 20.3000           ~ 60 0
116 PSR J1556-4258 Psr 15 57 00.25445 -42 58 12.3500           ~ 43 0
117 PSR B1556-44 Psr 15 59 41.5290 -44 38 45.740           ~ 140 0
118 PSR B1556-57 Psr 16 00 19.93 -57 51 14.7           ~ 45 0
119 PSR B1558-50 Psr 16 02 18.7300 -51 00 06.100           ~ 104 0
120 PSR J1603-5657 Psr 16 03 31.460 -56 57 44.19           ~ 22 0
121 PSR B1600-49 Psr 16 04 22.9760 -49 09 57.980     13.00     ~ 83 0
122 PSR B1601-52 Psr 16 05 16.26500 -52 57 34.8000           ~ 67 0
123 PSR B1607-52 Psr 16 11 03.20 -52 09 23.6           ~ 48 0
124 PSR B1609-47 Psr 16 13 29.01800 -47 14 26.4100     13.87     ~ 41 0
125 PSR B1620-42 Psr 16 23 48.29100 -42 56 52.6000           ~ 35 0
126 PSR J1637-4642 Psr 16 37 13.77 -46 42 15.0           ~ 40 0
127 PSR B1634-45 Psr 16 37 58.710 -45 53 27.30           ~ 60 0
128 PSR J1643-4505 Psr 16 43 36.97 -45 05 46.0           ~ 22 0
129 PSR B1642-03 Psr 16 45 02.0330 -03 17 57.200           ~ 394 0
130 PSR B1641-68 Psr 16 46 54.91000 -68 31 51.7000           ~ 50 0
131 PSR J1648-3256 Psr 16 48 06.070 -32 56 40.80           ~ 25 0
132 PSR J1648-4611 Psr 16 48 22.02 -46 11 16.0           ~ 73 0
133 PSR J1649-4653 Psr 16 49 24.5 -46 53 09           ~ 26 0
134 PSR B1647-52.8 Psr 16 51 41.41000 -52 55 47.7000           ~ 22 0
135 PSR B1647-52 Psr 16 51 42.96200 -52 22 58.3800           ~ 50 0
136 PSR B1648-42 Psr 16 51 48.79700 -42 46 09.9700           ~ 72 0
137 PSR J1652-2404 Psr 16 52 58.50000 -24 03 54.0000           ~ 41 0
138 PSR B1650-38 Psr 16 53 39.798 -38 38 20.80     11.61     ~ 35 0
139 PSR J1700-3310 Psr 17 00 52.96000 -33 12 45.0000           ~ 47 0
140 PSR B1658-37 Psr 17 01 18.45000 -37 26 27.2000           ~ 45 0
141 PSR B1657-45 Psr 17 01 29.1990439488 -45 33 49.764931128           ~ 29 0
142 PSR J1702-4310 Psr 17 02 26.94 -43 10 41.5           ~ 30 0
143 PSR J1702-4128 Psr 17 02 52.52 -41 28 48.2           ~ 72 0
144 PSR B1700-32 Psr 17 03 22.51400 -32 41 48.5000           ~ 117 0
145 PSR J1705-3950 Psr 17 05 29.84 -39 50 59.0           ~ 45 0
146 PSR J1705-3422 Psr 17 05 42.36200 -34 23 43.1000           ~ 44 0
147 PSR J1707-4729 Psr 17 07 15.547 -47 29 34.50           ~ 19 0
148 PSR B1706-16 Psr 17 09 26.45200 -16 40 59.2000           ~ 247 0
149 PSR B1706-44 Psr 17 09 42.62000 -44 29 12.0000     13.30     ~ 670 1
150 PSR J1715-3903 Psr 17 15 14.3 -39 03 02           ~ 28 0
151 PSR J1715-4034 Psr 17 15 40.92000 -40 34 18.0000           ~ 22 0
152 PSR J1716-4005 Psr 17 16 42.06 -40 05 27.0           ~ 12 0
153 PSR B1714-34 Psr 17 17 20.30000 -34 25 00.3100           ~ 55 0
154 PSR J1718-3825 Psr 17 18 13.558 -38 25 17.83           ~ 108 0
155 PSR B1717-29 Psr 17 20 34.13100 -29 33 14.0000           ~ 80 0
156 PSR B1718-32 Psr 17 22 02.96410 -32 07 45.0700           ~ 101 0
157 PSR B1718-36 Psr 17 22 09.817 -36 32 53.30           ~ 35 0
158 PSR B1719-37 Psr 17 22 59.17000 -37 12 03.0000           ~ 107 0
159 PSR J1723-3659 Psr 17 23 07.580 -36 59 13.90           ~ 45 0
160 PSR J1727-2739 Psr 17 27 30.98000 -27 38 53.0000           ~ 51 0
161 PSR B1727-47 Psr 17 31 42.21000 -47 44 38.7000           ~ 166 0
162 PSR B1730-37 Psr 17 33 26.754 -37 16 54.60           ~ 54 0
163 PSR B1732-07 Psr 17 35 04.9730 -07 24 52.130           ~ 74 0
164 PSR B1735-32 Psr 17 38 54.185 -32 11 53.60           ~ 42 0
165 PSR J1739-3023 Psr 17 39 39.85 -30 23 11.2           ~ 54 0
166 PSR B1737-30.2 Psr 17 40 33.98000 -30 15 22.0000           ~ 236 0
167 PSR J1741-2733 Psr 17 41 01.29 -27 33 51.8           ~ 20 0
168 PSR J1741-3016 Psr 17 41 07.04 -30 16 31.0           ~ 25 0
169 PSR B1737-39 Psr 17 41 18.07900 -39 27 38.1200           ~ 78 0
170 PSR B1740-31 Psr 17 43 36.71000 -31 50 22.7000           ~ 64 0
171 PSR B1742-30 Psr 17 45 56.30810 -30 40 23.3000           ~ 182 0
172 PSR B1745-12 Psr 17 48 17.4310 -13 00 53.400           ~ 68 0
173 PSR B1746-30 Psr 17 49 13.49 -30 02 35.0           ~ 39 0
174 PSR B1747-31 Psr 17 50 47.31 -31 57 44.3           ~ 42 0
175 PSR J1751-3323 Psr 17 51 32.75 -33 23 39.0           ~ 29 0
176 PSR B1747-46 Psr 17 51 42.18500 -46 57 26.7200           ~ 124 0
177 PSR B1749-28 Psr 17 52 58.70700 -28 06 36.0000           ~ 277 1
178 PSR B1754-24 Psr 17 57 29.37000 -24 19 54.0000           ~ 102 0
179 PSR B1757-24 Psr 18 01 00.016 -24 51 27.50           ~ 258 1
180 PSR B1800-21 Psr 18 03 51.40000 -21 37 07.0000           ~ 278 1
181 PSR B1804-08 Psr 18 07 38.02590 -08 47 43.2800           ~ 139 0
182 PSR J1809-1917 Psr 18 09 43.147 -19 17 38.10           ~ 128 1
183 PSR J1816-2650 Psr 18 16 35.39900 -26 49 53.0000           ~ 59 0
184 PSR J1817-3837 Psr 18 17 00.270 -38 37 59.70           ~ 26 0
185 PSR B1813-36 Psr 18 17 05.8883476416 -36 18 04.776876972           ~ 62 0
186 PSR B1818-04 Psr 18 20 52.5920 -04 27 37.120           ~ 230 0
187 PSR B1819-22 Psr 18 22 58.95000 -22 56 29.0000           ~ 123 0
188 PSR B1820-31 Psr 18 23 46.81900 -31 06 48.0000           ~ 80 0
189 PSR B1822-09 Psr 18 25 30.62000 -09 35 22.0000           ~ 382 0
190 PSR B1823-13 Psr 18 26 13.06 -13 34 48.1           ~ 460 1
191 PSR B1826-17 Psr 18 29 43.15000 -17 51 13.0000           ~ 136 0
192 PSR B1828-10 Psr 18 30 47.566 -10 59 27.90           ~ 190 1
193 PSR B1829-08 Psr 18 32 37.01300 -08 27 03.1600           ~ 79 0
194 PSR B1830-08 Psr 18 33 40.24500 -08 27 30.9000           ~ 155 1
195 PSR B1831-04 Psr 18 34 25.62100 -04 26 15.7000           ~ 103 0
196 PSR J1835-1106 Psr 18 35 18.287 -11 06 15.10           ~ 75 0
197 PSR B1839-03.8 Psr 18 41 38.68 -03 48 42.6           ~ 44 0
198 PSR J1842-0905 Psr 18 42 22.138 -09 05 24.60           ~ 29 0
199 PSR B1842-04 Psr 18 45 34.709 -04 34 29.80           ~ 45 0
200 PSR J1845-0743 Psr 18 45 57.17630 -07 43 38.1600           ~ 38 0
201 PSR B1844-04 Psr 18 47 22.8222581784 -04 02 13.031112264           ~ 125 0
202 PSR B1845-01 Psr 18 48 23.59600 -01 23 58.4800           ~ 154 0
203 PSR J1852-0635 Psr 18 52 57.44800 -06 36 00.4500           ~ 41 0
204 PSR J1853-0004 Psr 18 53 23.02 -00 04 32.3           ~ 46 0
205 PSR B1857-26 Psr 19 00 47.54200 -26 00 44.8000           ~ 195 1
206 PSR J1906+0749 Psr 19 06 48.67 +07 46 28.6           ~ 172 1
207 PSR B1907+03 Psr 19 10 09.01600 +03 58 30.0000     14.10     ~ 99 0
208 PSR B1911-04 Psr 19 13 54.16240 -04 40 47.5600           ~ 192 0
209 PSR B1930+22 Psr 19 32 22.8565447656 +22 20 52.063074024     14.52     ~ 149 0
210 PSR B1937-26 Psr 19 41 00.41690 -26 02 05.8840           ~ 84 0
211 PSR B2045-16 Psr 20 48 35.74000 -16 16 45.0000           ~ 344 0
212 PSR B2327-20 Psr 23 30 26.98600 -20 05 29.7500           ~ 133 0
213 PSR J2347-0612 Psr 23 46 50.54000 -06 10 01.0400           ~ 68 0

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