2025ApJ...979...33C

Query : 2025ApJ...979...33C

2025ApJ...979...33C - Astrophys. J., 979, 33 (2025/January-3)

Red Stellar Populations and Dust Extinction toward W3.

CAMPBELL J.L., MARTIN P.G., SONG S., RAHMAN M. and EINSTEIN L.

Abstract (from CDS):

We explore red stellar populations toward the W3 giant molecular cloud through the use of optical-to-infrared (IR) photometry and Gaia DR 3 data, simultaneously characterizing stellar content and properties of dust in the molecular medium. We use a Rayleigh-Jeans color excess method modified to de-redden stellar observations of both red giants (RGs) and OB stars, and construct an IR Hertzsprung-Russell diagram validated against the Besançon Galactic model. Taking advantage of the near-universal IR interstellar extinction law and precise Gaia measurements, we develop a method for obtaining the spectral classification, foreground extinction, and distance moduli of stars, validated by spectroscopically confirmed OB stars. We constrain the observed parallax and proper motion of OB stars in W3, demonstrating the importance of considering systematic effects in the parallax bias, and assign parallax- and proper-motion-based cloud membership to our stellar samples. While it has been assumed that all spectroscopic OB stars are inside the W3 cloud, we find evidence of seven background B stars and three potential runaway OB stars. The methods developed here, which are based on known stellar populations, enable us to identify 82 new OB candidates that are confidently within the cloud. We quantify several dust-to-dust empirical correlations, in particular the IR color excess E(H - [4.5]) and the optical depth τ1 of submillimeter dust emission at 1 THz using RGs behind W3, measuring a best fit of $E(H-[4.5])=(1.07\pm 0.04)\times {10}^{3}\,{{\tau }_{1}}_{,{\rm{HOTT}}}+(0.00\pm 0.02)\,{\rm{mag}}$.

Abstract Copyright: © 2025. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.

Journal keyword(s): Giant molecular clouds - Molecular gas - Interstellar dust - Interstellar dust extinction - Infrared astronomy - Optical astronomy - Photometry - Reddened stars - Early-type stars - Late-type giant stars

Status at CDS : Large table(s) will be appraised for possible ingestion in VizieR.

Simbad objects: 154

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Number of rows : 154
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 2MASS J02181647+6154053 NIR 02 18 16.4853821160 +61 54 05.407182216           ~ 2 0
2 IRAS 02149+6014 LP* 02 18 39.3634599072 +60 28 11.879654124       15.82   ~ 8 0
3 2MASS J02184773+6156449 NIR 02 18 47.7307295184 +61 56 44.908812636           ~ 2 0
4 2MASS J02185189+6156593 NIR 02 18 51.9069264288 +61 56 59.255561940           ~ 2 0
5 IRAS 02151+6154 LP* 02 18 52.8129319992 +62 08 12.226439112           ~ 8 0
6 BIRS 132 IR 02 19 33.86 +61 01 10.3           ~ 4 0
7 BIRS 131 IR 02 19 33.93 +61 01 32.0           ~ 4 0
8 BIRS 110 IR 02 19 54.59 +61 28 53.6           ~ 2 0
9 RRF 1343 HII 02 20 05.6 +61 07 04           ~ 38 1
10 BIRS 130 IR 02 20 07.00 +61 09 08.1           ~ 4 0
11 EM* VES 735 Em* 02 20 07.1692298232 +61 07 05.534680512           O8.5V 20 0
12 BIRS 129 IR 02 20 10.31 +61 10 01.2           ~ 4 0
13 2MASS J02201091+6201281 NIR 02 20 10.9173166800 +62 01 28.116982272           ~ 2 0
14 BIRS 128 IR 02 20 41.45 +61 06 02.0           ~ 4 0
15 BIRS 73 LP? 02 21 02.0181007200 +61 41 06.034673832           ~ 4 0
16 2MASS J02210980+6158441 NIR 02 21 09.8114283024 +61 58 44.183685972           ~ 2 0
17 BIRS 51 IR 02 21 12.47 +62 22 25.9           ~ 2 0
18 IRAS 02175+6129 LP? 02 21 19.5002002680 +61 43 29.481870036           ~ 6 0
19 [D75b] Star 11 S* 02 21 20.2901500776 +61 23 53.624283576   19.1       SC: 16 0
20 BIRS 50 IR 02 21 55.7 +62 12 03           ~ 2 0
21 2MASS J02215722+6211576 NIR 02 21 57.2292227424 +62 11 57.521455296           ~ 2 0
22 2MASS J02222161+6149443 NIR 02 22 21.62 +61 49 44.3           ~ 2 0
23 2MASS J02222471+6149418 NIR 02 22 24.7099253064 +61 49 41.829377736           ~ 2 0
24 2MASS J02222557+6159581 NIR 02 22 25.5710635728 +61 59 58.080051672           ~ 2 0
25 LS I +61 266 * 02 22 44.9238714288 +61 50 23.752143996   12.52 11.78     O7.5IV-V 15 0
26 2MASS J02225763+6158426 NIR 02 22 57.631 +61 58 42.66           ~ 2 0
27 2MASS J02230084+6200294 NIR 02 23 00.8486019600 +62 00 29.427978024           ~ 2 0
28 2MASS J02232641+6200597 NIR 02 23 26.4075522672 +62 00 59.658667092           ~ 2 0
29 2MASS J02234764+6156100 NIR 02 23 47.6483608632 +61 56 09.949391772           ~ 2 0
30 2MASS J02234938+6155532 NIR 02 23 49.3890090672 +61 55 53.173563636           ~ 2 0
31 2MASS J02235712+6154576 NIR 02 23 57.1473066408 +61 54 57.455343864           ~ 2 0
32 2MASS J02241320+6154255 NIR 02 24 13.2116597976 +61 54 25.478786340           ~ 2 0
33 2MASS J02241725+6203375 NIR 02 24 17.2540768896 +62 03 37.494050616           ~ 2 0
34 BIRS 66 IR 02 24 34.21 +61 55 29.0           ~ 2 0
35 2MASS J02243472+6150229 NIR 02 24 34.7242643616 +61 50 22.931863908           ~ 2 0
36 2MASS J02243954+6150138 NIR 02 24 39.5481240792 +61 50 13.724910852           ~ 2 0
37 2MASS J02245994+6155389 NIR 02 24 59.9533239720 +61 55 38.926243164           ~ 2 0
38 2MASS J02251025+6213123 NIR 02 25 10.2583884552 +62 13 12.271077408           ~ 2 0
39 2MASS J02251500+6130524 NIR 02 25 15.0180039384 +61 30 52.396965684           ~ 2 0
40 2MASS J02251707+6201482 Y*O 02 25 17.0706645720 +62 01 48.162141228           ~ 3 0
41 2MASS J02251795+6201530 NIR 02 25 17.9504217480 +62 01 52.947666912           ~ 2 0
42 2MASS J02252317+6159512 * 02 25 23.1705951528 +61 59 51.098022096           ~ 6 0
43 [KSP2003] J022524.36+620628.4 IR 02 25 24.36 +62 06 28.4           ~ 3 0
44 IC 1795 41 * 02 25 24.5293399320 +62 00 15.160555764   15.393 14.452     F7V 4 1
45 BIRS 20 IR 02 25 25.26 +62 30 03.3           ~ 2 0
46 2MASS J02252566+6210256 NIR 02 25 25.6612064568 +62 10 25.563457956           ~ 2 0
47 [KSP2003] J022526.02+620034.6 IR 02 25 26.02 +62 00 34.6           ~ 3 0
48 [KSP2003] J022526.35+620010.8 IR 02 25 26.35 +62 00 10.8           ~ 3 0
49 W 3j HII 02 25 27.32 +62 03 43.4           ~ 19 1
50 2MASS J02252738+6203432 * 02 25 27.3735722808 +62 03 43.121827224   18.333 16.418     O9.5IV-V 15 2
51 2MASS J02252820+6200409 Y*O 02 25 28.2034181784 +62 00 40.805013600           ~ 4 0
52 2MASS J02252834+6210431 NIR 02 25 28.3282040232 +62 10 43.052723220           ~ 2 0
53 2MASS J02252990+6200199 NIR 02 25 29.91 +62 00 19.9           ~ 2 0
54 2MASS J02253052+6200120 NIR 02 25 30.5256291312 +62 00 12.009680172           ~ 2 0
55 W 3h HII 02 25 32.00 +62 06 59.3           ~ 29 1
56 2MASS J02253258+6206596 Y*O 02 25 32.5801367424 +62 06 59.531472504     18.65   14.70 B0.5V-B2V 11 1
57 2MASS J02253317+6205225 EB* 02 25 33.1721437056 +62 05 22.473555792           ~ 3 0
58 2MASS J02253394+6207086 Y*O 02 25 33.9289883856 +62 07 08.492420712           ~ 6 0
59 2MASS J02253461+6201401 Y*O 02 25 34.6074931056 +62 01 39.968953248   17.751 16.47 15.51 14.60 B7V 9 1
60 2MASS J02253474+6200184 NIR 02 25 34.7435246784 +62 00 18.329376888           ~ 2 0
61 2MASS J02253542+6202067 * 02 25 35.4122804184 +62 02 06.556459740           ~ 2 0
62 IC 1795 40 * 02 25 36.3789890616 +62 02 03.914142180   14.33 13.25     G3V 5 1
63 2MASS J02253670+6201188 Y*O 02 25 36.6953156496 +62 01 18.689366172           ~ 4 0
64 2MASS J02253707+6201426 * 02 25 37.0662326328 +62 01 42.501183348           ~ 2 0
65 2MASS J02253750+6205244 Y*O 02 25 37.5036847680 +62 05 24.356555340     20.26 17.94 15.78 B0-2V 12 0
66 BIRS 36 * 02 25 37.7559834816 +62 01 18.921856080   18.143 16.853     ~ 3 1
67 BIRS 126 IR 02 25 41.54 +61 18 00.5           ~ 2 0
68 BIRS 22 IR 02 25 42.51 +62 06 42.1           ~ 2 0
69 ZTF J022542.61+612747.3 LP* 02 25 42.6074813688 +61 27 47.231608356           ~ 4 0
70 2MASS J02254334+6206154 Y*O 02 25 43.3302484800 +62 06 15.387396264     19.41 17.68 15.92 O8V-O9V 26 0
71 IC 1795 HII 02 25 43.5 +62 06 13           ~ 247 0
72 BIRS 21 IR 02 25 43.60 +62 06 43.8           ~ 2 0
73 BIRS 27 IR 02 25 44.08 +62 06 11.4           ~ 2 0
74 BIRS 127 IR 02 25 44.42 +61 08 29.0           ~ 2 0
75 2MASS J02254485+6203413 Y*O 02 25 44.8467122304 +62 03 41.200921692   18.097 15.91 14.19 12.59 B0.5V-B2V 18 2
76 ZTF J022547.21+613228.4 RS* 02 25 47.2220226840 +61 32 28.389619032           ~ 4 0
77 2MASS J02255757+6211497 Or* 02 25 57.5674151304 +62 11 49.666489008           ~ 3 0
78 2MASS J02255848+6211545 NIR 02 25 58.4771256240 +62 11 54.475990764           ~ 2 0
79 BIRS 12 IR 02 25 58.89 +62 11 50.5           ~ 2 0
80 2MASS J02260145+6133297 NIR 02 26 01.4499689112 +61 33 29.681083944           ~ 2 0
81 2MASS J02261314+6147537 NIR 02 26 13.1422383072 +61 47 53.645370648           ~ 2 0
82 2MASS J02261528+6127403 * 02 26 15.2763491280 +61 27 40.370948136           ~ 10 0
83 BIRS 9 IR 02 26 18.35 +62 15 55.0           ~ 2 0
84 BIRS 8 IR 02 26 22.50 +62 15 40.7           ~ 2 0
85 BIRS 16 IR 02 26 28.12 +62 10 36.1           ~ 2 0
86 BD+61 411 Y*O 02 26 34.3948 +62 00 42.380 11.09 11.14 10.28     O6.5V((f))z 63 0
87 2MASS J02263724+6148278 * 02 26 37.2375456552 +61 48 27.848857320           M-0.8 10 0
88 BIRS 18 IR 02 26 45.78 +62 08 02.9           ~ 2 0
89 2MASS J02264668+6137120 LM* 02 26 46.6881563184 +61 37 11.969386536           ~ 3 0
90 2MASS J02264700+6146510 LP? 02 26 47.0010483912 +61 46 50.889644976           ~ 7 0
91 BIRS 7 IR 02 26 49.62 +62 15 51.5           ~ 2 0
92 2MASS J02264963+6215350 Y*O 02 26 49.6370804928 +62 15 35.062188876   16.528 14.54 13.78   O6.5-O7IV-V 12 1
93 2MASS J02265057+6137055 Y*O 02 26 50.5790491824 +61 37 05.510010612           ~ 4 0
94 NAME W 3 North HII 02 26 51.14 +62 15 47.2           ~ 93 0
95 BIRS 5 IR 02 26 52.47 +62 15 32.3           ~ 2 0
96 2MASS J02265336+6157006 Y*O 02 26 53.3686191744 +61 57 00.570159144           ~ 6 0
97 BIRS 4 IR 02 26 54.07 +62 15 31.6           ~ 2 0
98 2MASS J02265439+6137189 * 02 26 54.3943900848 +61 37 18.885889560           ~ 2 0
99 BIRS 3 IR 02 26 55.89 +62 15 42.5           ~ 2 0
100 BIRS 10 IR 02 26 57.27 +62 13 44.4           ~ 2 0
101 NAME W 3 OH HII 02 27 04.1 +61 52 22           ~ 1064 2
102 W 3 MoC 02 27 04.10 +61 52 27.1           ~ 1064 3
103 2MASS J02270679+6137246 Y*O 02 27 06.7933500432 +61 37 24.624834096           ~ 3 0
104 BIRS 11 IR 02 27 07.02 +62 11 54.5           ~ 2 0
105 2MASS J02271021+6212559 * 02 27 10.2103483440 +62 12 55.959049476   18.370 17.039     ~ 2 1
106 BIRS 2 IR 02 27 14.68 +62 13 48.7           ~ 2 0
107 BIRS 1 IR 02 27 17.01 +62 13 59.9           ~ 2 0
108 [KSP2003] J022719.73+615511.3 IR 02 27 19.73 +61 55 11.3           ~ 4 0
109 2MASS J02272227+6154426 Y*? 02 27 22.3359562632 +61 54 43.519811976           ~ 3 0
110 2MASS J02273715+6150588 * 02 27 37.1525147520 +61 50 58.745273748           ~ 2 0
111 BIRS 121 IR 02 27 40.66 +61 20 33.0           ~ 2 0
112 BIRS 124 IR 02 27 43.52 +61 17 44.8           ~ 2 0
113 BIRS 125 IR 02 27 44.06 +61 16 51.0           ~ 2 0
114 2MASS J02274721+6155251 NIR 02 27 47.2024464600 +61 55 25.051613808           ~ 2 0
115 2MASS J02275047+6153105 NIR 02 27 50.4670702608 +61 53 10.496839056           ~ 2 0
116 IC 1795 150 * 02 27 51.3331661592 +61 57 14.280663996   15.33 13.50     ~ 9 0
117 2MASS J02275154+6155586 Y*? 02 27 51.5350643280 +61 55 58.605162636           ~ 3 0
118 ZTF J022752.49+614748.2 LP* 02 27 52.4812194408 +61 47 48.168607308           ~ 5 0
119 BIRS 123 IR 02 28 08.41 +61 17 58.4           ~ 2 0
120 BIRS 122 IR 02 28 10.50 +61 19 15.6           ~ 2 0
121 2MASS J02281487+6131513 NIR 02 28 14.8897605432 +61 31 51.283791192           ~ 2 0
122 2MASS J02281542+6155540 NIR 02 28 15.4109605800 +61 55 54.063991488           ~ 2 0
123 BIRS 103 IR 02 28 17.17 +61 31 33.4           ~ 2 0
124 BIRS 104 IR 02 28 26.33 +61 30 40.4           ~ 3 0
125 BIRS 106 IR 02 28 35.77 +61 28 08.3           ~ 2 0
126 BIRS 108 IR 02 28 36.79 +61 25 09.3           ~ 2 0
127 BIRS 105 IR 02 28 40.61 +61 28 25.5           ~ 2 0
128 BIRS 107 IR 02 28 40.91 +61 25 29.9           ~ 2 0
129 BIRS 101 IR 02 28 43.09 +61 30 58.9           ~ 3 0
130 BIRS 100 IR 02 28 46.87 +61 31 23.1           ~ 2 0
131 BIRS 99 IR 02 28 49.63 +61 32 45.4           ~ 2 0
132 BIRS 135 IR 02 28 59.08 +60 45 02.1           ~ 2 0
133 BIRS 97 IR 02 28 59.55 +61 32 49.6           ~ 2 0
134 BIRS 96 IR 02 29 00.41 +61 33 00.0           ~ 2 0
135 BIRS 98 IR 02 29 00.57 +61 32 35.1           ~ 2 0
136 2MASS J02291867+6145324 LP* 02 29 18.6610069488 +61 45 32.444510112           ~ 7 0
137 BIRS 133 IR 02 29 21.21 +61 05 32.3           ~ 2 0
138 BIRS 134 IR 02 29 43.56 +60 56 34.6           ~ 2 0
139 IRAS 02259+6059 LP* 02 29 46.4876345160 +61 13 02.115982164           ~ 9 0
140 BIRS 119 LP* 02 30 53.4211575626 +61 16 48.235225134           ~ 7 0
141 BIRS 136 IR 02 32 36.13 +60 32 07.4           ~ 2 0
142 NAME Heart Nebula HII 02 32.7 +61 27           ~ 336 1
143 IC 1805 OpC 02 32 52.1 +61 28 36           ~ 542 1
144 BIRS 114 IR 02 36 28.38 +61 23 24.7           ~ 2 0
145 BIRS 118 IR 02 36 44.19 +61 14 49.3           ~ 2 0
146 BIRS 113 IR 02 36 57.00 +61 22 34.3           ~ 2 0
147 BIRS 116 IR 02 37 00.13 +61 19 44.8           ~ 2 0
148 BIRS 115 IR 02 37 10.44 +61 21 20.8           ~ 2 0
149 BIRS 117 IR 02 37 10.76 +61 14 07.3           ~ 2 0
150 BIRS 112 IR 02 37 12.69 +61 26 10.3           ~ 2 0
151 BIRS 111 IR 02 37 19.49 +61 25 47.7           ~ 2 0
152 NAME Per Arm PoG 03 30 +45.0           ~ 1672 0
153 NAME Taurus Complex SFR 04 41.0 +25 52           ~ 4971 0
154 NAME VELA MOL RIDGE MoC 08 53 -45.0           ~ 178 0

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