2025ApJ...981..194L

Query : 2025ApJ...981..194L

2025ApJ...981..194L - Astrophys. J., 981, 194 (2025/March-2)

Measuring the Interstellar Medium Content of Nearby, Luminous, Type 1 and Type 2 QSOs through CO and [C II].

LUO Y., PETRIC A.O., JANSSEN R.M.J., FADDA D., FLAGEY N., OMONT A., JACOB A.M., ROWLANDS K., ALATALO K., BILLOT N., HECKMAN T., HUSEMANN B., KAKKAD D., LACY M., MARSHALL J., MINCHIN R., MINSLEY R., NESVADBA N., OTTER J.A., PATIL P. and URRUTIA T.

Abstract (from CDS):

We present observations of CO(1-0) and CO(2-1) lines from the Institut de radioastronomie millimétrique 30 m telescope toward 20 nearby, optically luminous type 2 quasars (QSO2s) and observations of the [C II] 158 μm line from the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy for five QSO2s in the CO sample and five type 1 quasars (QSO1s). In the traditional evolutionary scenario explaining different types of QSOs, obscured QSO2s emerge from gas-rich mergers observed as luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) and then turn into unobscured QSO1s as the black holes clear out the obscuring material in a blowout phase. We test the validity of this theoretical prediction by comparing the gas fractions and star formation efficiencies among LIRGs and QSOs. We find that CO luminosity, CO-derived gas masses, and gas fractions in QSO1s are consistent with those estimated for QSO2s, while LIRGs exhibit a closer resemblance to QSO2s in terms of CO-derived gas masses and gas fractions. Comparisons between [C II] luminosity and star formation tracers such as the CO and infrared luminosity imply additional sources of [C II] emission in QSO1s likely tracing neutral atomic or ionized gas with the caveat of a small sample size. All three types of galaxies have statistically indistinguishable distributions of star formation efficiency. Our results are consistent with part of the evolutionary scenario where nearby QSO2s could emerge from LIRGs, but they may not be the precursors of nearby QSO1s.

Abstract Copyright: © 2025. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.

Journal keyword(s): Quasars - Galaxy evolution - Interstellar medium

Status at CDS : Large table(s) will be appraised for possible ingestion in VizieR.

Simbad objects: 182

goto Full paper

goto View the references in ADS

Number of rows : 182
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 Mrk 335 Sy1 00 06 19.5372339024 +20 12 10.617404076   14.19 13.85     ~ 1344 0
2 Mrk 1501 Bla 00 10 31.00590413 +10 58 29.5042981   15.96 15.40 12.22   ~ 763 1
3 NGC 17 Sy2 00 11 06.612 -12 06 28.33   14.14 13.52     ~ 369 1
4 ESO 350-38 Sy2 00 36 52.489 -33 33 17.23   14.31 14.41 13.49   ~ 450 0
5 NGC 232 Sy2 00 42 45.814 -23 33 40.69   14.43   12.78   ~ 167 0
6 NGC 235 Sy1 00 42 52.8103465632 -23 32 27.718834092   14.24   12.63   ~ 168 1
7 Mrk 1148 Sy1 00 51 54.7633670088 +17 25 58.508879484   16.44 15.96     ~ 176 0
8 Mrk 1502 Sy1 00 53 34.9331107632 +12 41 35.929269132   14.41 14.03     ~ 1242 1
9 MCG+12-02-001 AG? 00 54 03.943 +73 05 05.23   16       ~ 120 1
10 LEDA 3237 Sy1 00 54 52.1183662680 +25 25 38.983241532     15.42     ~ 421 0
11 IC 1623 IG 01 07 47.24 -17 30 25.0   15       ~ 338 2
12 MCG-03-04-014 Sy1 01 10 08.92440 -16 51 09.7668   15   13.96   ~ 117 1
13 Z 436-30 LIN 01 20 02.654 +14 21 41.73   14.9       ~ 176 1
14 IRAS 01364-1042 LIN 01 38 52.86288 -10 27 11.5848   16.77   15.74   ~ 132 0
15 NGC 695 AGN 01 51 14.3479513536 +22 34 55.956444960   13.7       ~ 201 1
16 Z 522-58 GiC 01 54 53.807 +36 55 04.64   14.2   13.05   ~ 148 1
17 Mrk 1014 Sy1 01 59 50.2534701768 +00 23 40.864244784   16.08 15.87     ~ 606 0
18 2MASX J02022372+1247179 Sy2 02 02 23.7106363608 +12 47 17.728899648   18.95 18.32     ~ 15 0
19 NGC 876 GiG 02 17 53.327 +14 31 17.91   16.5       ~ 69 0
20 NGC 877 LSB 02 17 59.6453041536 +14 32 38.215857696   12.5       ~ 189 1
21 Z 504-70 Sy1 02 23 18.9215543016 +32 11 18.495835944   15.2       ~ 90 0
22 Z 504-71 AGN 02 23 21.9558378744 +32 11 49.070032008   15.75 14.83     ~ 84 0
23 NGC 958 Sy2 02 30 42.8187658032 -02 56 20.526742608   13.0   11.81 12.4 ~ 164 0
24 M 77 Sy2 02 42 40.7091669408 -00 00 47.859690204 9.70 9.61 8.87 10.1 9.9 ~ 4897 2
25 Z 440-4 rG 02 46 17.482 +13 05 44.33   15.2       ~ 141 1
26 NGC 1275 Bla 03 19 48.1599902040 +41 30 42.108850836   13.10 12.48 11.09   ~ 4243 3
27 IRAS 03359+1523 G 03 38 47.1918750504 +15 32 53.853117504   16.3       ~ 112 0
28 Z 465-11 GiP 03 54 07.7013731784 +15 59 24.131256468   15.6       ~ 39 0
29 Z 465-12 GiP 03 54 15.9799173288 +15 55 43.217205276   15.3       ~ 84 0
30 Z 418-14 AG? 04 12 22.670 +05 32 49.13   15.50       ~ 170 0
31 ESO 550-25 PaG 04 21 20.00 -18 48 45.8           ~ 65 1
32 ESO 203-1 AGN 04 46 49.4729569488 -48 33 30.480074640   16.40   15.51   ~ 73 0
33 MCG-05-12-006 Sy1 04 52 04.9572269280 -32 59 25.682874036   15.16       ~ 68 1
34 Z 468-2 Sy2 05 08 19.7062775592 +17 21 48.085162020   15.4       ~ 129 0
35 2MFGC 4194 G 05 08 21.211 +17 22 08.34           ~ 34 0
36 2MASX J05112587+2445183 G 05 11 25.8846288528 +24 45 18.306876096           ~ 46 0
37 LEDA 17035 AGN 05 16 56.091 +51 31 56.17           ~ 44 0
38 IRAS 05189-2524 Sy2 05 21 01.3994605776 -25 21 45.321827832   15.47 14.75     ~ 545 0
39 NGC 1961 LIN 05 42 04.6327819680 +69 22 42.411028872   11.73 10.99     ~ 362 3
40 Z 347-26 GiP 06 13 57.7042263936 +80 28 34.776179400   15.17 13.95     ~ 56 0
41 Z 348-14 GiP 06 14 29.619 +80 26 59.47   14.35 13.17     ~ 77 0
42 NGC 2146 AGN 06 18 37.710 +78 21 25.27 11.67 11.38 10.59     ~ 765 2
43 NGC 2341 AG? 07 09 11.893 +20 36 10.21   13.65 12.88     ~ 86 0
44 NGC 2342 AGN 07 09 18.089 +20 38 09.22   12.92 12.15     ~ 132 0
45 NGC 2369 Sy1 07 16 37.753 -62 20 37.51   13.23   11.56 12.3 ~ 137 0
46 NGC 2388 AGN 07 28 53.4535009080 +33 49 08.554343196   14.7       ~ 145 2
47 NGC 2389 AGN 07 29 04.6432443888 +33 51 39.428739684   13.5       ~ 82 2
48 Z 58-9 GiG 07 35 43.416 +11 42 35.29   15.0       ~ 79 1
49 IRAS 07559+5058 Sy2 07 59 40.9648459968 +50 50 23.961198588   16.65 16.59     ~ 57 1
50 2MASX J08021869+3046228 Sy2 08 02 18.6595636632 +30 46 22.819359144   18.34 17.73     ~ 20 0
51 IRAS 07598+2601 Sy2 08 02 52.9271597616 +25 52 55.656029748   17.33 16.81     ~ 32 0
52 2MASX J08033733+3926333 Sy2 08 03 37.32659 +39 26 33.1263   18.15 17.57     ~ 28 0
53 2MASS J08105865+7602424 Sy1 08 10 58.6641543864 +76 02 42.450451260   15.03 14.71     ~ 508 0
54 2MASS J08184236+3604096 Sy2 08 18 42.3579955189 +36 04 09.694854255   18.41 18.00     ~ 17 0
55 NGC 2623 LIN 08 38 24.016 +25 45 16.29 14.10 13.99 13.36     ~ 533 2
56 SDSS J084344.98+354942.0 Sy2 08 43 44.9739924504 +35 49 42.113462340   17.93 17.55     ~ 59 0
57 MCG+13-07-002 Sy1 08 44 45.2999013720 +76 53 09.465739008     15.7     ~ 201 0
58 Ton 951 Sy1 08 47 42.4485615096 +34 45 04.482515304   14.83 14.50     ~ 487 0
59 ESO 60-16 G 08 52 30.77 -69 01 59.8           ~ 45 0
60 IRAS 08572+3915 LIN 09 00 25.38288 +39 03 54.2988     16.66     ~ 450 1
61 NVSS J090412-362700 rG 09 04 12.70392 -36 27 01.1412           ~ 104 1
62 SDSS J090754.07+521127.4 Sy2 09 07 54.0812263992 +52 11 27.356143812   18.48 17.76     ~ 13 0
63 Mrk 110 Sy1 09 25 12.8479065576 +52 17 10.386311208   16.82 16.41     ~ 681 1
64 Z 62-35 Sy1 09 26 03.2694421008 +12 44 03.732389268   15.15 14.60     ~ 359 0
65 Z 289-11 Sy2 09 35 51.6045544584 +61 21 11.589382368   15.20 15.50     ~ 617 2
66 Z 239-11 GiP 09 36 30.8337360552 +48 28 10.808036796   15.0       ~ 60 0
67 MCG+08-18-013 GiG 09 36 37.1961237672 +48 28 27.836479740   15.0       ~ 78 1
68 Z 7-13 Sy1 09 37 01.0466933232 +01 05 43.747904040   16.86 16.64     ~ 153 0
69 NGC 3110 Sy1 10 04 02.12400 -06 28 29.1250   13.4   13.3 12.5 ~ 191 2
70 IC 2545 Sy1 10 06 04.581 -33 53 05.55   15.27 14.27 14.25   ~ 117 0
71 QSO B1011-040 Sy1 10 14 20.6738908080 -04 18 40.372940484   15.49 15.5     ~ 157 0
72 NVSS J102000+081335 rG 10 20 00.1849825704 +08 13 33.648546108   17.5       ~ 167 1
73 NGC 3256 Sy2 10 27 51.284 -43 54 13.55   11.83 11.33 10.62 11.9 ~ 920 2
74 MCG+10-15-104 Sy2 10 34 08.54424 +60 01 52.1004   15.71 14.65     ~ 271 1
75 ESO 264-36 Sy2 10 43 07.676 -46 12 44.50   14.34   12.55   ~ 84 0
76 2MASX J10520818+0609146 Sy2 10 52 08.1958482384 +06 09 15.165553932   17.34 17.14     ~ 24 0
77 IRAS 10565+2448 LIN 10 59 18.12811 +24 32 34.7357   15.7       ~ 302 0
78 2MASS J11021298+6459250 Sy2 11 02 12.9899226240 +64 59 24.906748920   18.52 17.81     ~ 23 0
79 2MASX J11210825-0259399 G 11 21 08.258 -02 59 40.00   17.603   16.489   ~ 7 0
80 Z 11-76 Sy2 11 21 12.261 -02 59 03.00   15.0       ~ 132 0
81 IC 2746 Sy2 11 21 47.1179115936 +11 44 18.909849876   15.38 14.93     ~ 234 0
82 IC 2810 rG 11 25 45.04728 +14 40 35.8176   15.4       ~ 140 0
83 IC 2810B rG 11 25 49.5408391632 +14 40 06.610250208   15.4       ~ 46 0
84 Mrk 1298 Sy1 11 29 16.7288400936 -04 24 07.246460520   14.97 14.61     ~ 224 1
85 LEDA 1377131 Sy2 11 52 45.6546787656 +10 16 23.811271392   17.94 17.57     ~ 21 0
86 MCG-06-26-013 EmG 11 53 11.722 -39 07 48.72   13.30   11.86   ~ 203 1
87 FIRST J115326.4+580644 Sy2 11 53 26.4305997408 +58 06 44.677606500   17.70 17.37     ~ 23 0
88 QSO J1204+2754 Bla 12 04 42.1097215992 +27 54 11.869350264   15.64 15.60     ~ 429 0
89 IRAS 12112+0305 PaG 12 13 45.98880 +02 48 39.9600           ~ 373 0
90 [CGM90] IRAS 12112+0305 NE rG 12 13 46.10735 +02 48 41.4959           ~ 369 0
91 ESO 267-29 AG? 12 13 52.2941206752 -47 16 25.696085520   14.18   12.93   ~ 67 0
92 ESO 267-30 Sy1 12 14 12.839 -47 13 43.42   14.20   12.69 12.9 ~ 84 1
93 PB 3894 Sy1 12 14 17.6738687784 +14 03 13.182723144   14.46 14.19     ~ 873 0
94 Z 99-79 Sy1 12 32 03.6223710000 +20 09 29.495834136   15.57 15.30     ~ 526 0
95 LEDA 1365424 Sy2 12 38 43.4279753712 +09 27 36.604980360   18.10 17.41     ~ 58 0
96 LBQS 1244+0238 Sy1 12 46 35.2527826632 +02 22 08.782546368   16.57 16.37     ~ 313 0
97 LEDA 3402622 Sy2 12 58 50.7905982552 +52 39 12.988973808   17.85 17.53     ~ 13 0
98 Z 43-99 rG 13 01 50.29128 +04 20 00.4488   15.5       ~ 91 0
99 MCG-04-31-023 Sy1 13 02 52.3177169808 -23 55 17.932558692   14.77 14.78 13.24 13.59 ~ 131 1
100 Ton 1565 Bla 13 12 17.7526981968 +35 15 21.086467128   15.45 15.64 14.2   ~ 292 1
101 LEDA 45913 Sy1 13 13 05.7810527568 -11 07 42.369955428   15.48 15.15 13.4   ~ 159 0
102 Z 294-28 GiG 13 15 30.7370784024 +62 07 45.311082744   14.4       ~ 110 1
103 MCG+10-19-056 AGN 13 15 35.103 +62 07 28.43   15       ~ 120 1
104 IC 883 SBG 13 20 35.37960 +34 08 21.8400   14.8       ~ 421 1
105 NGC 5104 AGN 13 21 23.11513 +00 20 33.3820   14.5   13.227   ~ 169 1
106 MCG-03-34-064 Sy2 13 22 24.4583154360 -16 43 42.481822404   14   13.16   ~ 345 2
107 2MASX J13234599+6103597 Sy2 13 23 45.9964951824 +61 04 00.163320780   18.27 17.79     ~ 18 1
108 NGC 5135 Sy2 13 25 44.059 -29 50 01.24   12.58 13.35 11.53 12.2 ~ 500 1
109 IC 4280 Sy1 13 32 53.390 -24 12 25.83   13.48   12.17 15.22 ~ 86 1
110 NGC 5256 PaG 13 38 17.81 +48 16 41.2   14.1 13.42     ~ 449 1
111 Ton 730 Sy1 13 43 56.7435190440 +25 38 47.638868604   16.48 16.6     ~ 131 0
112 Z 190-60 AGN 13 49 13.912 +35 15 27.04   14.7       ~ 128 1
113 2XMM J135315.8+634546 Sy1 13 53 15.8311116864 +63 45 45.683126676   14.54 14.28     ~ 404 1
114 Mrk 662 Sy1 13 54 06.4281510312 +23 25 49.346507964   16.06 15.37     ~ 115 0
115 Ton 182 Sy1 14 05 16.2178674936 +25 55 34.117540788   15.42 15.34     ~ 268 0
116 2MASS J14054122+4026325 Sy2 14 05 41.2164044760 +40 26 32.538517224   17.81 17.46     ~ 30 0
117 PG 1404+226 Sy1 14 06 21.8900886888 +22 23 46.515550056   16.62 16.42     ~ 254 0
118 LEDA 50824 Sy1 14 13 48.3306274368 +44 00 14.003371296   14.99 14.99     ~ 402 0
119 LEDA 51016 Sy1 14 17 00.8224797456 +44 56 06.336360024   16.93 16.63     ~ 275 0
120 Z 247-20 AGN 14 19 43.2275567784 +49 14 12.014867004   15.4       ~ 141 1
121 Mrk 1383 Sy1 14 29 06.5720038632 +01 17 06.155007252   15.21 14.87     ~ 494 0
122 NGC 5653 AGN 14 30 10.4187147048 +31 12 55.568509596   12.7       ~ 184 1
123 NAME Teacup AGN Sy2 14 30 29.8820644560 +13 39 12.007458684   16.89 16.64     ~ 82 0
124 LEDA 52270 Sy1 14 37 38.2867288488 -15 00 24.087592692   16.58 16.40     ~ 300 2
125 Z 273-23 Sy2 14 40 38.0960806920 +53 30 15.961505184   16.05 15.03     ~ 341 1
126 Mrk 478 Sy1 14 42 07.4714418744 +35 26 22.938625500   14.91 14.58     ~ 567 1
127 NGC 5734 Sy2 14 45 09.0364267176 -20 52 13.484556696   13.75   12.08   ~ 89 1
128 NGC 5743 EmG 14 45 10.983 -20 54 48.81   13.85   12.54   ~ 51 0
129 2MASX J14510879+2709272 Sy1 14 51 08.7647938560 +27 09 26.962707132   15.01 15.01     ~ 239 0
130 MCG+04-35-018 GiP 14 57 00.3205510752 +24 36 24.138336996   14.3 15.3     ~ 83 0
131 MCG+04-35-019 G 14 57 00.66647 +24 37 02.6720     15.7     ~ 76 1
132 Mrk 841 Sy1 15 04 01.1935384104 +10 26 15.780409692   14.50 14.27     ~ 701 0
133 Z 49-57 rG 15 13 13.1083645335 +07 13 32.099256087   15.5       ~ 252 1
134 2MASX J15265942+3558372 LIN 15 26 59.44451 +35 58 37.0521   15.61       ~ 295 1
135 NGC 5936 AGN 15 30 00.846 +12 59 21.55   13.0       ~ 179 1
136 IC 1127 SyG 15 34 57.22396 +23 30 11.6084   14.76 13.88     ~ 3090 4
137 Mrk 290 Sy1 15 35 52.4031021552 +57 54 09.515660508   15.55 15.27     ~ 575 0
138 NGC 5990 Sy2 15 46 16.3702704024 +02 24 55.693907820   13.1       ~ 158 1
139 ICRF J154743.5+205216 Sy1 15 47 43.5376371336 +20 52 16.612810320   16.80 16.69 15.70   ~ 521 1
140 2MASX J15522564+2753435 Sy2 15 52 25.6686533616 +27 53 43.441492164   18.34 17.78     ~ 19 0
141 NGC 6052 rG 16 05 12.8715178104 +20 32 32.607297132 13.01 13.44 13.00     ~ 362 2
142 NGC 6090 PaG 16 11 40.3 +52 27 21   14.0       ~ 446 1
143 Mrk 876 Sy1 16 13 57.1795021224 +65 43 09.952685328   16.03 15.49     ~ 620 0
144 IRAS 16164-0746 Sy1 16 19 11.792 -07 54 02.61   15.49       ~ 88 1
145 Z 52-37 AGN 16 30 56.539 +04 04 58.36   14.9       ~ 113 1
146 NGC 6240 Sy2 16 52 58.9 +02 24 03   14.31 13.37     ~ 1734 2
147 NGC 6285 AGN 16 58 24.016 +58 57 21.23   15.3       ~ 117 0
148 NGC 6286 AGN 16 58 31.3566512040 +58 56 10.114753560   14.2       ~ 202 1
149 IRAS 17002+5153 Sy1 17 01 24.8265469104 +51 49 20.447878836   15.49 15.12     ~ 401 0
150 NVSS J171420+531028 rG 17 14 20.4740967144 +53 10 31.495916892           ~ 97 1
151 LEDA 60189 LIN 17 23 21.96264 -00 17 00.8088   15.1       ~ 454 0
152 Z 199-27 AGN 17 54 51.7605214584 +34 46 34.575409236   13.9       ~ 107 0
153 Z 141-34 AGN 17 56 56.6307158664 +24 01 01.979013000   15.7       ~ 60 0
154 IC 4689 Sy2 18 13 40.334 -57 44 54.25   15.07   13.48   ~ 53 0
155 2MASX J18333768+5953227 IG 18 33 37.683 +59 53 22.76           ~ 77 0
156 IC 4734 AGN 18 38 25.6846404504 -57 29 25.078201116   14.21   12.71   ~ 95 0
157 ESO 593-8 rG 19 14 31.09656 -21 19 08.7564   14.70   13.70   ~ 88 2
158 MCG-06-43-014 Sy2 19 57 37.522 -37 56 08.61   14.55       ~ 88 1
159 NGC 6907 AG? 20 25 06.63 -24 48 33.0   11.91 11.30 10.47 11.3 ~ 189 2
160 NGC 6926 Sy2 20 33 06.1084582704 -02 01 38.498909376   14.87 13.87 13.0 12.5 ~ 172 2
161 ESO 286-19 LIN 20 58 26.8183783008 -42 38 59.411838156   14.79 14.79 14.20   ~ 318 0
162 MCG-07-43-014 AGN 21 04 11.162 -43 35 32.51   14.42   13.47 13.9 ~ 72 0
163 Mrk 1513 Sy1 21 32 27.8162556672 +10 08 19.252365396   14.92 14.64     ~ 651 0
164 NGC 7130 Sy2 21 48 19.5412287192 -34 57 04.492024884   12.86 13.87 11.57   ~ 483 1
165 QSO B2209+184 BLL 22 11 53.8888927344 +18 41 49.861248288   16.09 15.44 11.96   ~ 187 2
166 IC 5179 Sy1 22 16 09.1191653256 -36 50 37.117603752   12.29 11.89 11.38   ~ 214 1
167 Z 428-65 Sy1 22 17 12.2637639888 +14 14 20.917852980   15.02 14.66     ~ 371 0
168 MCG-03-57-017 Sy1 22 31 25.474 -19 02 04.27   14.27 13.73 12.90   ~ 123 1
169 Z 514-93 AGN 22 41 12.275 +34 14 56.28   15.0       ~ 99 1
170 NAME South America rG 22 51 49.27872 -17 52 24.0600   16.97       ~ 348 3
171 NGC 7469 Sy1 23 03 15.6 +08 52 26 12.60 13.00 12.34     ~ 2253 3
172 Z 453-62 AGN 23 04 56.514 +19 33 07.86   15.2       ~ 117 0
173 LEDA 70504 Sy1 23 07 02.9147133288 +04 32 57.101475624   16.32 15.50     ~ 135 0
174 ESO 148-2 Sy2 23 15 46.76280 -59 03 15.6924   14.94 14.73 13.95   ~ 289 1
175 IC 5298 Sy2 23 16 00.6756811155 +25 33 24.081139422   15.0       ~ 205 0
176 NGC 7552 Sy1 23 16 10.66 -42 35 04.7 11.34 11.22 10.57 10.08 11.1 ~ 574 3
177 ESO 77-14 IG 23 21 03.5561888880 -69 13 01.088615424   16.52   15.27   ~ 59 0
178 LEDA 90429 SyG 23 39 01.26960 +36 21 08.5896   16.17       ~ 232 1
179 MCG-01-60-022 Sy2 23 42 00.8439651072 -03 36 54.634148712   14.5 14.6     ~ 89 0
180 NGC 7770 GiG 23 51 22.610 +20 05 48.56   14.5       ~ 106 1
181 NGC 7771 GiG 23 51 24.880 +20 06 42.57 13.42 13.08 12.25     ~ 350 3
182 Z 455-59 AGN 23 51 26.731 +20 35 10.22   14.9       ~ 237 0

To bookmark this query, right click on this link: simbad:objects in 2025ApJ...981..194L and select 'bookmark this link' or equivalent in the popup menu