2025ApJ...982..114M

There is now a large sample of stars observed by the Kepler satellite with measured rotation periods and photometric activity index S_ph. We use this data, in conjunction with stellar interiors models, to explore the interplay of magnetism, rotation, and convection. Stellar activity proxies other than S_ph are correlated with the Rossby number, Ro, or ratio of rotation period to convective overturn timescale. We compute the latter using the Yale Rotating Evolution Code stellar models. We observe different S_ph-Ro relationships for different stellar spectral types. Though the overall trend of decreasing magnetic activity versus Rossby number is recovered, we find a localized dip in S_ph around Ro/Ro_⊙ ∼ 0.3 for the G and K dwarfs. F dwarfs show little to no dependence of S_ph on Rossby number due to their shallow convective zone, further accentuated as T_eff increases. The dip in activity for the G and K dwarfs corresponds to the intermediate rotation period gap, suggesting that the dip in S_ph could be associated with the redistribution of angular momentum between the core and convective envelope inside stars. For G-type stars, we observe enhanced magnetic activity above the solar Rossby number. Compared to other Sun-like stars with similar effective temperature and metallicity, we find that the Sun's current level of magnetic activity is comparable to its peers and lies near the transition to increasing magnetic activity at high Rossby number. We confirm that metal-rich stars have a systematically larger S_ph level than metal-poor stars, which is likely a consequence of their deeper convective zones.