2025ApJ...983..178S

Query : 2025ApJ...983..178S

2025ApJ...983..178S - Astrophys. J., 983, 178 (2025/April-3)

Detection of Anisotropies in the Circumgalactic Medium of Disk Galaxies: Supermassive Black Hole Activity or Star Formation-driven Outflows?

SACCHI A., BOGDAN A. and TRUONG N.

Abstract (from CDS):

Gamma and X-ray observatories have revealed spectacular structures in the emission of the tenuous hot gas surrounding the Milky Way (MW), known as the Fermi and extended ROentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array (eROSITA) bubbles. Galaxy formation simulations suggest that MW-like bubbles could be ubiquitous, but their emission may be too faint to detect with today's instruments in individual external galaxies. In this paper, we present an analysis of stacked Chandra observations of 93 nearby galaxies. We detected soft, diffuse X-rays from the circumgalactic medium (CGM), extending up to 14 kpc, with a luminosity of (4.2 ± 0.7) × 1039 erg s–1 in the 0.3-2 keV band. To probe its spatial distribution, we constructed an azimuthal profile and found a significant enhancement along the galactic minor axis. When dividing our sample by stellar mass, central supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass, and star formation rate (SFR), we found that only high-SFR galaxies exhibit significant anisotropies in the CGM emission. To investigate whether the observed anisotropies could be attributed to MW-like bubbles, we compared our results with TNG50 simulations. In these simulations, X-ray bubbles are strongly correlated with mass of the central SMBH and typically extend to much larger, ∼50 kpc, scales. We conclude that the observed anisotropies are either caused by active galactic nucleus-driven MW-like bubbles confined to smaller, ∼10 kpc, scales or by star formation- or starburst-driven bubbles/outflows.

Abstract Copyright: © 2025. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.

Journal keyword(s): Galaxy nuclei - Circumgalactic medium - High energy astrophysics - X-ray astronomy

Simbad objects: 99

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Number of rows : 99
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 NGC 120 Sy2 00 27 30.0903681360 -01 30 48.469096548   14.8       ~ 37 0
2 Z 519-11 AG? 00 33 41.8636357032 +39 32 41.138058696   14.74       ~ 20 1
3 2MFGC 475 Sy2 00 39 48.4007526816 -09 08 34.543200372   16.03 15.30 14.85   ~ 25 0
4 LEDA 90491 G 00 41 10.130 +25 35 08.21   16.86       ~ 17 0
5 M 31 AGN 00 42 44.330 +41 16 07.50 4.86 4.36 3.44     ~ 13622 1
6 NGC 253 SyG 00 47 33.134 -25 17 19.68   8.03   6.94 8.1 ~ 3588 2
7 NGC 311 GiG 00 57 32.7230472384 +30 16 50.654332632 14.57 14.00 13.00     ~ 56 1
8 LEDA 4532 LIN 01 15 20.8688181528 +00 15 33.560425584     15.5     ~ 25 0
9 LEDA 1172613 GiC 01 23 40.1135506800 +00 40 56.442764316           ~ 20 0
10 NGC 543 GiG 01 25 50.0052127008 -01 17 34.002691872   15.0       ~ 52 0
11 NGC 582 GiG 01 31 58.045 +33 28 35.45   13.7       ~ 86 0
12 MCG-01-05-032 GiG 01 45 39.8247730272 -04 40 50.954075616   16       ~ 12 0
13 Z 460-48 GiP 01 55 36.6091327200 +21 19 03.402154812   15.1       ~ 30 0
14 LEDA 1429780 G 01 57 42.5030715672 +13 23 18.761684208           ~ 9 0
15 NGC 839 EmG 02 09 42.73127 -10 11 01.6370   13.98 11.42 12.70   ~ 161 1
16 MCG+00-07-014 G 02 26 36.599 +00 38 55.50   21.26   19.77 19.22 ~ 28 0
17 Z 388-19 G 02 27 51.4426399296 +00 30 05.494879368   15.5       ~ 57 0
18 LEDA 1013346 G 02 33 31.8162263160 -07 46 03.357859152   15.92   14.75   ~ 11 0
19 NGC 1125 Sy2 02 51 40.44 -16 39 02.4   13.98 13.13 12.48   ~ 158 1
20 Z 524-40 Sy2 02 59 58.5970307633 +36 49 13.808979663   14.89 13.96     ~ 369 1
21 NGC 1204 Sy2 03 04 39.8863185024 -12 20 28.999064652   15   13.11   ~ 67 0
22 Z 540-78 GiG 03 16 59.7637425312 +41 21 23.657881680   15.7   13.38   ~ 31 0
23 Z 390-46 GiG 03 17 26.5002535296 -00 05 39.123109680   15.7       ~ 31 0
24 Z 540-83 GiG 03 17 50.436 +41 58 03.48   15.6   13.67   ~ 32 0
25 Z 347-18 GiG 05 39 37.108 +77 18 44.89   15.60       ~ 72 0
26 NGC 2315 GiG 07 02 33.0767008560 +50 35 26.012935536   14.5       ~ 39 0
27 LEDA 2148895 G 07 44 57.5654753184 +39 23 15.758029824           ~ 7 0
28 LEDA 2208853 G 07 51 03.9185438952 +42 54 55.446655320           ~ 6 0
29 LEDA 2176864 G 07 57 19.7913971808 +41 10 31.054248840           ~ 16 0
30 MCG+09-14-018 LIN 08 13 30.1599016536 +54 18 44.415168372   17       ~ 14 0
31 LEDA 2463793 G 08 13 43.693 +54 14 25.19           ~ 5 0
32 IRAS F08216+3009 Sy2 08 24 43.2850671960 +29 59 23.512801812   16.32 15.61     ~ 63 0
33 MCG+08-16-001 G 08 24 44.91370 +46 54 25.8803   16.0       ~ 30 1
34 ESO 18-13 GiG 08 43 48.6607899720 -78 56 57.750736128   14.10   12.94 13.4 ~ 42 1
35 Z 61-56 GiG 09 04 31.83921 +13 09 40.3150   15.3       ~ 22 0
36 NGC 2827 GiG 09 19 19.0018459944 +33 52 50.830168296   15.6       ~ 32 0
37 IC 2475 G 09 27 54.3261409128 +29 47 30.560074980   15.7       ~ 20 0
38 LEDA 1458197 G 09 49 26.2560142032 +14 26 32.991426420           ~ 3 0
39 M 82 AGN 09 55 52.430 +69 40 46.93 9.61 9.30 8.41     ~ 6156 6
40 LEDA 154477 G 09 57 51.8391020448 +01 45 19.452955860   16.240   15.029 14.33 ~ 29 0
41 LEDA 139305 GiC 10 22 19.453 +13 03 22.61           ~ 15 0
42 NGC 3341 Sy2 10 42 31.480 +05 02 38.21   14.9       ~ 53 0
43 MCG+07-23-004 G 10 57 19.2451591584 +44 01 03.073577700   16       ~ 11 0
44 Z 38-87 GiG 11 01 16.571 +03 33 45.94   15.5       ~ 11 0
45 LEDA 1227743 G 11 02 24.9537755688 +02 27 43.091613144           ~ 6 0
46 2MASX J11093314+2837393 Sy2 11 09 33.1473959688 +28 37 39.883725588   16.03       ~ 35 0
47 NVSS J111412+564147 rG 11 14 11.785 +56 41 46.61           ~ 7 0
48 IC 2810 rG 11 25 45.04728 +14 40 35.8176   15.4       ~ 140 0
49 IC 2810B rG 11 25 49.5408391632 +14 40 06.610250208   15.4       ~ 46 0
50 LEDA 2578440 G 11 29 36.7611329928 +58 24 53.256904020           ~ 6 0
51 MCG+08-21-064 Sy2 11 35 29.3668011960 +49 06 25.046816040   16       ~ 22 0
52 MCG+08-21-065 LIN 11 35 43.96335 +49 02 15.4939   16       ~ 34 0
53 NGC 4072 LIN 12 04 13.8439800936 +20 12 35.034119028   15.6       ~ 34 0
54 Z 13-70 GiG 12 05 37.7219562336 +01 49 41.606998572   15.095   13.905   ~ 36 0
55 Z 98-95 LIN 12 11 59.3530473936 +15 24 04.748832900   15.09       ~ 48 1
56 NGC 4180 Sy2 12 13 03.0632893416 +07 02 20.036449716   13.2       ~ 173 1
57 M 104 LIN 12 39 59.43185902 -11 37 22.9961800 9.51 9.55 8.00 8.05   ~ 1465 2
58 IC 3704 GiG 12 43 45.5775354720 +10 46 11.792347212   14.7       ~ 68 0
59 IC 843 LIN 13 01 33.5886614256 +29 07 49.984080384   14.62 13.84 15.24   ~ 88 1
60 Z 43-142 AGN 13 05 58.6403474448 +03 57 23.561280036   15.4       ~ 60 0
61 LEDA 2296674 G 13 14 48.3448062360 +47 21 05.529602592           ~ 23 0
62 LEDA 1335813 G 13 25 54.8 +07 58 31           ~ 3 0
63 Z 17-4 G 13 31 31.761 -02 01 06.42   15.6   14.735   ~ 7 0
64 Z 73-13 GiG 13 31 51.0464053776 +11 15 02.357844012   15.1       ~ 30 0
65 MCG+09-22-081 EmG 13 34 41.8165024128 +50 27 50.964874164   17       ~ 20 0
66 MCG+07-28-047 LIN 13 40 02.7383767656 +40 25 15.285115056   15       ~ 37 0
67 2MFGC 11079 EmG 13 44 22.3851973344 +55 57 04.837377168           ~ 13 0
68 LEDA 2483087 G 14 09 04.33390 +54 52 19.8830           ~ 5 0
69 LEDA 91341 G 14 12 10.111 +06 31 38.22           ~ 11 0
70 UGC 9224 G 14 23 54.503 +34 43 25.00   17       ~ 25 0
71 Z 192-16 LIN 14 24 34.9930461504 +35 16 47.372114568   15.4   13.60 12.96 ~ 36 0
72 Z 192-26 G 14 28 23.3696235240 +33 15 13.336603776   14.9   14.04 12.99 ~ 31 0
73 LEDA 91366 G 14 32 15.018 -01 10 21.90   16.897   15.761   ~ 16 0
74 2MASS J14323515+3421540 AGN 14 32 35.1535544400 +34 21 54.028397160       15.33 14.71 ~ 6 0
75 NGC 5675 Sy2 14 32 39.82958858 +36 18 07.9327087   14.0       ~ 122 1
76 2MASS J14364270+3418375 LIN 14 36 42.7076241432 +34 18 37.547068608       15.23 14.60 ~ 13 1
77 LEDA 1184553 G 14 43 07.78639 +01 06 00.0760   16.467   15.420   ~ 20 0
78 NGC 5746 GiP 14 44 56.005 +01 57 17.06   12.3       ~ 375 0
79 SDSS J144804.17+182537.9 Sy2 14 48 04.1759164584 +18 25 37.857917856           ~ 19 0
80 LEDA 84294 G 14 48 05.819 +47 47 18.39   17.5       ~ 11 0
81 Z 105-32 G 14 48 43.3951536288 +18 17 21.569668764   15.6       ~ 16 0
82 LEDA 1556460 G 14 48 57.1975163352 +18 19 34.309549344           ~ 7 0
83 LEDA 1156466 G 14 51 00.8974398600 +00 04 33.893474664   17.534   16.266   ~ 10 0
84 NGC 5793 Sy2 14 59 24.807 -16 41 36.55   14.47 13.32 12.77   ~ 147 1
85 LEDA 91445 G 15 26 51.461 +20 37 21.13   17.10       ~ 12 0
86 LEDA 1806010 G 15 37 29.1 +27 22 13           ~ 3 0
87 2MASX J15513068+2012421 LIN 15 51 30.6904749336 +20 12 42.639530148           ~ 10 0
88 2MFGC 12915 GiC 16 05 15.373 +17 32 22.89   15       ~ 32 0
89 2MASX J16134780+2909113 Sy2 16 13 47.7609634200 +29 09 11.512259208   16.98 15.88     ~ 14 0
90 LEDA 2062146 GiC 16 16 46.0912032552 +35 17 05.676116892   16       ~ 19 0
91 UGC 10417 LIN 16 29 40.7868276240 +40 41 13.114300956   16.5       ~ 53 0
92 LEDA 2155980 GiC 16 56 51.1540586400 +39 48 29.829609324           ~ 12 0
93 NAME Fermi Bubbles bub 17 45 -29.0           ~ 525 0
94 NAME Galactic Center reg 17 45 39.60213 -29 00 22.0000           ~ 16269 0
95 LEDA 1408577 G 21 29 43.103 +12 23 03.66           ~ 8 0
96 Z 427-12 EmG 21 40 20.8616280456 +12 21 17.078384232   15.10       ~ 46 1
97 LEDA 1673278 G 22 36 06.7513871016 +22 37 25.334689548           ~ 10 0
98 Z 380-54 AGN 23 25 01.7023104792 +00 00 01.907717040   15.18       ~ 31 1
99 2MASS J23595173-0926334 Sy2 23 59 51.7406395680 -09 26 33.513733284           ~ 10 0

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