2025ApJ...985..187G

The nature of sub-Neptunes is one of the hottest topics in exoplanetary science. Temperate sub-Neptunes are of special interest because some could be habitable. Here, we consider whether these planets might instead be rocky worlds with thick, hot atmospheres. Can recent James Webb Space Telescope observations of TOI-270 d be understood in terms of such a model? We perform thermochemical equilibrium calculations to infer conditions of quenching of C-H-O-N species. Our results indicate apparent CO₂-CH₄ equilibrium between ∼900 and ∼1100 K. The CO abundance should be quenched higher in the atmosphere where the equilibrium CO/CO₂ ratio is lower, potentially explaining a lack of CO. N₂ is predicted to dominate the nitrogen budget. We confirm that the atmosphere of TOI-270 d is strongly enriched in both C and O_gas relative to protosolar H, whereas N is likely to be less enriched or even depleted. We attempt to reproduce these enrichments by modeling the atmosphere as nebular gas that extracted heavy elements from accreted solids. This type of model can explain the C/H and O_gas/H ratios, but despite supersolar C/N ratios provided by solids, the NH₃ abundance will probably be too high unless there is a nitrogen sink in addition to N₂. A magma ocean may be implied, and indeed the oxygen fugacity of the deep atmosphere seems sufficiently low to support the sequestration of reduced N in silicate melt. The evaluation presented here demonstrates that exoplanetary geochemistry now approaches a level of sophistication comparable to that achieved within our own solar system.