2025ApJ...988...17R

We explore the accretion rates of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in late-stage galaxy mergers by observing three ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs), IRAS 14378-3651, IRAS 17208-0014 and IRAS 23365+3604, using the JWST/MIRI Medium Resolution Spectrometer and JWST/NIRSpec integral field unit. In all three cases, we fail to detect [Ne VI] λ7.65 μm, a robust active galactic nuclei (AGN) tracer lying in a low-opacity interstellar window, nor do we detect any other lines that might indicate AGNs. The only detected high-excitation emission line, [Mg IV] (λ4.488 μm), arises from shocks associated with supernovae. Our new, deep flux limits on AGN tracers in the near- and mid-infrared indicate that the nuclear obscuration of any purported AGNs in our sample is isotropic, i.e., the far-infrared luminosities of these galaxies are unlikely to be driven by escaping AGN power. This allows us to show that the Eddington ratios of their SMBHs are low. We then assemble an unbiased sample of 19 ULIRGs (from the IRAS Bright Galaxy Sample with L(TIR) ≥ 10¹²L_⊙) in late-stage mergers and show that their dynamically measured black hole masses are consistent with the values from scaling from their stellar masses. On this basis, we show that the Eddington ratios of any AGNs in 15 of these galaxies are also very low, ≲10%. This indicates that any black holes are in a relatively quiescent state. That is, high levels of accretion are found in only a minority of late-merger-phase ULIRGs.