2025ApJ...988..122S

Observations of the line-of-sight (LOS) component of emitter velocities in galaxies are valuable for reconstructing their two-dimensional (2D) velocity fields, albeit requiring certain assumptions. A common one is that radial flows can be neglected in the outer regions of galaxies, while their geometry can be deformed by a warp. A specular approach assumes that galactic disks are flat but allows for the presence of radial flows. This approach enables the reconstruction of 2D velocity maps that encompass both the transversal and radial velocity fields. Through the study of velocity fields in toy disk models, we find that the presence of warps is manifested as a dipolar correlation between the two velocity components obtained by assuming a flat disk. This shows that the analysis of angular velocity anisotropies provides an effective tool for breaking the degeneracy between warps and radial flows. We have applied these findings to the analysis of velocity fields of the galaxies from the THINGS sample and M33. Many of these galaxies exhibit such a dipolar correlation, indicating the presence of warps. However, we have found that the warp alone cannot explain all variations in the velocity field, suggesting that intrinsic perturbations are common. Furthermore, we have observed that the spatial distribution of the LOS velocity dispersion may correlate with both velocity components, providing independent evidence of nontrivial velocity fields. These findings offer a robust approach to reconstructing the velocity fields of galaxies, allowing us to distinguish between the presence of warps and complex velocity structures by assessing their relative amplitude.