2025ApJ...988..269B

Cosmic rays (CRs) interact with turbulent magnetic fields in the interstellar medium (ISM), generating nonthermal emission. After many decades of studies, the theoretical understanding of their diffusion in the ISM continues to pose a challenge. This study numerically explores a recent prediction termed “mirror diffusion” and its synergy with the traditional diffusion mechanism based on gyroresonant scattering. Our study combines 3D MHD simulations of star-forming regions with test particle simulations to analyze CR diffusion. We demonstrate the significance of mirror diffusion in CR diffusion parallel to the magnetic field when the mirroring condition is satisfied. Our results support the theoretical expectation that the resulting particle propagation arising from mirror diffusion in combination with much faster diffusion induced by gyroresonant scattering resembles a Levy-flight-like propagation. Our study highlights the necessity to reevaluate the diffusion coefficients traditionally adopted in the ISM based on gyroresonant scattering alone. For instance, our simulations imply a diffusion coefficient ∼10²⁷ cm² s^–1 for particles with a few hundred TeV within regions spanning a few parsecs around the source. This estimate is in agreement with gamma-ray observations, which show the relevance of our results for the understanding of gamma-ray emission in star-forming regions.