2025ApJ...991...66A

Stellar streams from disrupted globular clusters are dynamically cold structures that are sensitive to perturbations from dark matter subhalos, allowing them in principle to trace the dark matter substructure in the Milky Way. We model, within the context of Λ cold dark matter, the likelihood of dark matter subhalos to produce a significant feature in a GD-1-like stream and analyze the properties of such subhalos. We generate many realizations of the subhalo population within a Milky Way mass host halo using the semianalytic code SATGEN, accounting for effects such as tidal stripping and dynamical friction. The subhalo distributions are combined with a GD-1-like stream model, and the impact of subhalos that pass close to the stream are modeled with GALA. We find that subhalos with masses in the range 2 × 10⁶M_⊙-10⁸M_⊙ at the time of the stream-subhalo encounter, corresponding to masses of about 2 × 10⁷M_⊙-10⁹M_⊙ at the time of infall, are the likeliest to produce gaps in a GD-1-like stream. We find that gaps occur on average ∼3 times per realization of the host system. These gaps have typical widths of ∼(5-27)° and fractional underdensities of ∼(10-30)%, with larger gaps being caused by heavier subhalos. The stream-subhalo encounters responsible for these have impact parameters (0.1-1.5) kpc and relative velocities ∼(200-410) km s^–1. We also investigate the effects of increasing the host-halo mass on the gap properties and formation rate.