2025ApJ...991..191B

Query : 2025ApJ...991..191B

2025ApJ...991..191B - Astrophys. J., 991, 191 (2025/October-1)

Leonessa: An Extremely Metal-poor Galaxy Undergoing Secular Chemical Evolution.

BRENEMAN J.A., McQUINN K.B.W., MENCHACA A., BERG D.A., TELFORD O.G., NEWMAN M.J.B., DOLPHIN A. and ZEIMANN G.R.

Abstract (from CDS):

Extremely metal-poor (XMP) galaxies are systems with gas-phase oxygen abundances below ∼5% solar metallicity (12+log(O/H) ≤ 7.35). These galaxies populate the metal-poor end of the mass-metallicity and luminosity-metallicity relations (MZR and LZR, respectively). Recent studies have found XMP galaxies in the nearby Universe to be outliers on the LZR, where they show enhanced luminosities relative to other galaxies of similar gas-phase oxygen abundance. Here, we present a study of the recently discovered XMP galaxy Leonessa and characterize the system's properties using new imaging from the Hubble Space Telescope and spectra from the Green Bank Telescope and Hobby-Eberly Telescope. We use these observations to measure a tip of the red giant branch distance (15.86 ± 0.78 Mpc) to Leonessa, the H I gas mass, the gas-phase oxygen abundance, and N/O ratio. We find Leonessa is an isolated, gas-rich (gas fraction μ = 0.69), low-mass (log(M⋆/M⊙) = 6.12 ± 0.08), XMP (12+log(O/H) = 7.32 ± 0.04), star-forming galaxy at a distance of 15.86 ± 0.78 Mpc. Our measurements show that Leonessa agrees with the MZR, but disagrees with the LZR; we conclude the LZR offset is due to recent star formation enhancing the system's luminosity. To investigate possible chemical evolution pathways for nearby XMP galaxies, we also compile a comparison sample of 150 dwarf galaxies (53 XMP systems) taken from the literature with gas-phase metallicity measurements based on the direct method. We find evidence for an anticorrelation between gas-phase oxygen abundance and H I gas-to-stellar mass ratios. We posit Leonessa is undergoing a chemical evolution pathway typical of field dwarf galaxies.

Abstract Copyright: © 2025. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.

Journal keyword(s): Galaxy chemical evolution - Stellar photometry - Interstellar emissions - Interstellar atomic gas - Distance measure - Metallicity

Status at CDS : Large table(s) will be appraised for possible ingestion in VizieR.

Simbad objects: 158

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Number of rows : 158
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 MCG-03-01-015 G 00 01 57.9 -15 27 50   11.50 11.10 10.93   ~ 782 2
2 SDSS J000648.96+241306.9 G 00 06 48.96024 +24 13 06.9456           ~ 2 0
3 NGC 55 rG 00 14 53.602 -39 11 47.86 8.54 8.58 7.87 7.84   ~ 828 2
4 LEDA 1574 AG? 00 25 07.42 +00 18 45.7   18       ~ 10 0
5 Z 383-20 H2G 00 27 51.551 +03 29 22.89   15.5       ~ 37 0
6 Z 409-18 H2G 00 28 26.606 +05 00 15.96   15.3       ~ 33 0
7 SDSS J002949.49-002539.8 G 00 29 49.45346 -00 25 40.5491           ~ 5 0
8 MCG+00-02-062 AG? 00 30 04.10 +03 30 47.0   18       ~ 38 0
9 LEDA 1103998 AG? 00 41 39.73 -02 00 42.3           ~ 9 0
10 SDSS J004233.36+324721.0 G 00 42 33.360 +32 47 21.03           ~ 3 0
11 IC 52 H2G 00 48 23.764 +04 05 30.73   15.4       ~ 33 0
12 Z 435-14 AG? 00 51 12.2110178784 +12 01 31.222059888 15.72 15.38 15.03 14.86   ~ 47 0
13 MCG+00-03-017 GiC 00 51 49.90 +03 06 21.0   16.0       ~ 17 0
14 LEDA 3040 GiC 00 51 58.73 -01 40 18.7   18       ~ 10 0
15 Z 384-16 Sy1 00 51 59.620 -00 29 12.22   15.8   15.1 15.8 ~ 51 0
16 NAME SMC G 00 52 38.0 -72 48 01   2.79 2.2     ~ 12317 1
17 SDSS J005712.60-002157.6 EmG 00 57 12.603 -00 21 57.67           ~ 6 0
18 MCG-01-03-072 GiC 01 02 22.91 -04 30 30.9   14.5       ~ 9 0
19 IC 1613 GiC 01 04 48.4071 +02 07 10.185   10.42 10.01 9.77   ~ 1316 2
20 SDSS J010609.16+234533.6 G 01 06 09.16896 +23 45 33.6564           ~ 2 0
21 Z 458-20 AG? 01 07 23.0321 +16 41 00.988 15.01 14.55 14.07     ~ 148 0
22 Z 385-2 LSB 01 07 46.4168514120 +01 03 49.112609292 15.73 15.26 14.84 14.67 15.6 ~ 59 0
23 Z 385-5 GiC 01 08 37.00344 +01 38 28.3596   14.2   14.1 14.2 ~ 89 0
24 NGC 428 AGN 01 12 55.709 +00 58 53.69   12.1   12.0 12.1 ~ 247 0
25 MCG+00-04-043 LSB 01 13 40.450 +00 52 39.16   17       ~ 65 0
26 MCG+00-04-049 Sy1 01 14 20.338 +00 55 00.07   20.47 20.12     ~ 18 0
27 SDSS J012241.60+004842.0 G 01 22 41.62199 +00 48 42.0923           ~ 5 0
28 6dFGS gJ012646.5-003845 H2G 01 26 46.6028219232 -00 38 46.165233696   17   15.46   ~ 58 0
29 Z 459-60 AG? 01 28 47.232 +16 41 16.71 16.06 15.45 15.10 15.23   ~ 47 0
30 NGC 625 AGN 01 35 04.632 -41 26 10.32 12.37 11.78 11.25 11.03 11.5 ~ 312 2
31 SDSS J013754.43+181035.9 G 01 37 54.432 +18 10 35.97           ~ 2 0
32 UGC 1176 GiP 01 40 10.39 +15 54 18.6 14.60 14.38 14.02 13.69   ~ 108 0
33 SDSS J014133.23+212450.3 G 01 41 33.234 +21 24 50.31           ~ 2 0
34 SDSS J015311.96+010440.1 G 01 53 11.959 +01 04 40.13           ~ 4 0
35 NGC 784 LSB 02 01 16.932 +28 50 14.13 12.97 12.50 12.07 11.83   ~ 212 0
36 SDSS J021623.76+171525.9 EmG 02 16 23.767 +17 15 25.92           ~ 3 0
37 SDSS J022238.53-093535.3 G 02 22 38.531 -09 35 35.29           ~ 3 0
38 AGC 124609 G 02 49 28.4 +34 44 29           ~ 4 0
39 LEDA 1125628 H2G 03 14 26.103 -01 08 47.03           ~ 8 0
40 Z 464-15 LSB 03 24 07.257 +17 45 10.94 15.09 14.58 14.11 13.88   ~ 59 0
41 [PBT2001] SBSG 0335-052 W G 03 37 38.40 -05 02 37.5   19.14     18.85 ~ 110 1
42 NGC 1705 Sy2 04 54 13.4661493464 -53 21 39.471592428 12.32 12.96 12.56 12.58 12.9 ~ 692 1
43 NAME LMC G 05 23 34.6 -69 45 22     0.4     ~ 19090 0
44 Z 175-2 AG? 06 30 28.30 +33 18 02.0   15.7       ~ 42 0
45 MCG+08-12-031 G 06 38 38.27 +49 15 31.9   18       ~ 20 0
46 UGC 3600 LSB 06 55 39.81787 +39 05 43.7871   18       ~ 46 0
47 UGC 3672 AG? 07 06 27.336 +30 19 23.61   17       ~ 43 0
48 UGC 3698 AG? 07 09 18.75 +44 22 48.2   17       ~ 45 0
49 NGC 2337 rG 07 10 13.6374445464 +44 27 26.716619844   13.1       ~ 94 1
50 UGC 3817 G 07 22 44.48 +45 06 30.7   17       ~ 49 0
51 Z 206-10 AG? 07 28 17.724 +40 46 11.36   15.50       ~ 155 0
52 NGC 2366 H2G 07 28 52.4529 +69 12 38.859 12.25 11.86 11.39 11.33   ~ 801 0
53 Z 147-29 LSB 07 29 17.4928012272 +27 54 01.753432596   14.40       ~ 66 0
54 LEDA 2176737 AG? 07 30 58.8860011848 +41 09 59.574533868           ~ 13 0
55 SDSS J073902.57+443426.1 G 07 39 02.575 +44 34 26.19           ~ 2 0
56 Z 262-28 AG? 07 47 31.944 +51 11 28.95   14.8       ~ 33 0
57 SDSS J080856.34+324419.2 G 08 08 56.34216 +32 44 19.2192           ~ 2 0
58 Z 207-38 AG? 08 09 35.77176 +41 35 37.4712   15.5       ~ 21 0
59 SDSS J081030.65+183704.2 AG? 08 10 30.654 +18 37 04.20           ~ 12 0
60 SDSS J081152.12+473026.2 G 08 11 52.118 +47 30 26.25           ~ 41 0
61 SDSS J081239.52+483645.3 bCG 08 12 39.532 +48 36 45.27           ~ 25 0
62 NGC 2537 H2G 08 13 14.643 +45 59 23.25 12.18 12.50 11.69 11.66   ~ 314 2
63 IC 2233 LSB 08 13 58.909 +45 44 31.74 12.87 13.41 12.63 12.80   ~ 253 1
64 NGC 2541 GiG 08 14 40.1160678912 +49 03 42.021679932 12.03 12.26 11.80     ~ 333 1
65 UGC 4305 IG 08 19 04.9864630512 +70 43 13.086910452 12.06 11.72 11.39 11.11   ~ 812 2
66 NGC 2552 EmG 08 19 20.5355420472 +50 00 34.590204468 13.44 13.00 12.56     ~ 284 1
67 AGC 189201 G 08 23 25.6 +17 54 57           ~ 5 0
68 LEDA 2790884 QSO 08 25 55.5166210656 +35 32 31.833368556   18.2       ~ 128 1
69 Z 237-1 EmG 08 26 04.3889749464 +45 58 03.362401740   13.35       ~ 104 1
70 Z 311-8 GiG 08 34 07.20 +66 10 54.0 15.39 15.03 14.70 14.49   ~ 357 2
71 SDSS J083437.18+590536.0 bCG 08 34 37.218 +59 05 36.44           ~ 7 0
72 Z 331-51 GiG 08 37 03.00 +69 46 31.0 15.70 15.46 14.98 14.89   ~ 316 0
73 LEDA 4547721 AG? 08 52 33.754 +13 50 28.39           ~ 18 0
74 NAME HYA SUPERCL SCG 08 57.9 +03 10           ~ 204 0
75 Z 209-15 GiP 08 59 00.28 +39 12 35.7   15.00       ~ 69 1
76 SDSS J085946.91+392305.6 AG? 08 59 46.92 +39 23 05.6           ~ 5 0
77 LEDA 2807128 LSB 09 08 36.54637 +05 17 26.9591   17.0       ~ 43 0
78 SDSS J091159.43+313535.9 AG? 09 11 59.434 +31 35 35.92           ~ 15 0
79 SDSS J092136.55+403853.8 G 09 21 36.55272 +40 38 53.8440           ~ 2 0
80 SDSS J092609.43+334304.0 G 09 26 09.43978 +33 43 04.0535           ~ 2 0
81 LEDA 4015419 LSB 09 26 10.3 +33 43 15           ~ 34 0
82 NAME Zwicky's Flare HII 09 34 00.0 +55 14 25           ~ 25 0
83 Mrk 116A H2G 09 34 01.9716600456 +55 14 27.789835056           ~ 46 0
84 Mrk 116 AGN 09 34 02.1 +55 14 25           ~ 1179 1
85 Mrk 116B EmG 09 34 02.389 +55 14 23.14           ~ 62 0
86 LEDA 27591 SBG 09 40 12.843 +29 35 30.30   16.32 16.08     ~ 65 0
87 Z 332-57 LSB 09 40 32.33 +71 10 56.0 14.53 14.00 13.66 13.41   ~ 372 1
88 NGC 2964 H2G 09 42 54.251 +31 50 49.97   12.0       ~ 292 1
89 NAME Leoncino Dwarf Galaxy bCG 09 43 32.356 +33 26 57.65           ~ 58 0
90 IC 559 AG? 09 44 43.816 +09 36 57.37   15.0       ~ 61 0
91 SDSS J094519.54+383552.9 G 09 45 19.554 +38 35 52.88           ~ 4 0
92 LEDA 2184302 EmG 09 47 18.3545851608 +41 38 16.539617652   18.9       ~ 15 0
93 UGC 5272 B AG? 09 50 19.484 +31 27 22.22   17.53       ~ 37 0
94 Z 152-72 EmG 09 50 22.769 +31 29 17.80   14.48   14.10   ~ 207 0
95 SDSS J095531.44+644250.0 AG? 09 55 31.447 +64 42 50.07           ~ 5 0
96 Z 153-5 AG? 09 56 46.047 +28 49 43.77 14.82 14.74 14.59 14.55 26.509 ~ 252 1
97 NGC 3067 GiG 09 58 21.0726714528 +32 22 12.012636108   12.7       ~ 255 1
98 SDSS J095905.73+462650.5 G 09 59 05.738 +46 26 50.52           ~ 7 0
99 AGC 198712 G 09 59 10.3 +36 02 23           ~ 6 0
100 Z 153-10 G 09 59 26.46 +30 44 47.0 14.08 13.54 13.26 13.33   ~ 652 0
101 Z 36-12 H2G 10 00 00.8217342072 +05 20 09.533389560 12.77 12.25 11.89 11.71   ~ 569 0
102 NGC 3109 AG? 10 03 06.877 -26 09 34.46 11.10 10.42 10.04 9.91   ~ 825 2
103 Z 153-14 AG? 10 04 40.949 +29 21 51.54   15.2       ~ 75 0
104 SDSS J100512.15+372201.5 bCG 10 05 12.15288 +37 22 01.5312           ~ 5 0
105 Z 333-17 LSB 10 05 30.45024 +70 21 51.4253 15.95 15.56 15.09 14.87   ~ 214 1
106 MCG+05-24-017 AG? 10 08 07.7119620240 +29 32 34.340083548   16.5 15.47     ~ 48 0
107 MCG-01-26-030 H2G 10 11 00.5 -04 41 30 12.48 12.13 11.93 11.78   ~ 789 2
108 Z 183-8 EmG 10 16 22.211 +37 46 45.37   14.60       ~ 69 0
109 LEDA 29998 AGN 10 16 24.516 +37 54 45.96   16.5       ~ 62 0
110 NAME Leo P BiC 10 21 45.123 +18 05 16.89           ~ 268 0
111 IC 2574 AG? 10 28 23.6148831408 +68 24 43.440012756 11.70 11.07 10.87 10.74   ~ 703 1
112 SDSS J103639.46+203615.8 G 10 36 39.465 +20 36 15.80           ~ 4 0
113 Z 9-95 EmG 10 39 25.193 +01 43 09.08 15.68 15.07 14.59 14.37 14.4 ~ 58 0
114 SDSS J104442.66+630602.0 bCG 10 44 42.669 +63 06 02.09           ~ 23 0
115 SDSS J104609.23+404707.0 EmG 10 46 09.2364705840 +40 47 07.162047960           ~ 4 0
116 Z 38-22 EmG 10 49 07.548 +06 55 02.61 15.41 14.86 14.21 13.93   ~ 79 0
117 SDSS J105321.32+471320.8 G 10 53 21.32988 +47 13 20.8466           ~ 2 0
118 LEDA 5064998 AG? 11 09 09.523 +20 07 29.68           ~ 9 0
119 Z 242-46 bCG 11 33 29.12 +49 14 17.4 14.69 14.61 14.25 14.17   ~ 242 1
120 NGC 3738 AGN 11 35 48.982 +54 31 24.70   12.12 12.04 11.56   ~ 303 0
121 NGC 3741 AG? 11 36 05.754 +45 17 02.96 15.01 14.55 14.23 14.06   ~ 237 0
122 Z 214-32 AG? 11 50 52.98254 +38 52 50.6594   13.72 13.9 13.39   ~ 175 0
123 SDSS J120608.52+500721.1 G 12 06 08.52984 +50 07 21.1656           ~ 3 0
124 NGC 4163 LSB 12 12 09.34 +36 10 08.1 14.33 13.70 13.2 12.98   ~ 238 0
125 NGC 4228 SBG 12 15 39.174 +36 19 36.80 10.63 10.30 9.93 9.74   ~ 1017 1
126 Z 269-49 AG? 12 15 46.626 +52 23 13.91   15.3       ~ 75 0
127 SDSS J122051.60+491555.1 G 12 20 51.602 +49 15 55.14           ~ 5 0
128 LEDA 40766 LSB 12 26 55.693 +09 52 56.28   18       ~ 42 0
129 Z 216-4 GiG 12 27 40.90 +43 29 44.0 13.75 13.10 12.7 12.33   ~ 270 0
130 NGC 4449 EmG 12 28 11.118 +44 05 36.81 10.11 9.98 9.64 9.45   ~ 1192 1
131 Z 187-47 GiG 12 28 38.743 +35 43 02.91 15.50 15.12 14.86 14.78   ~ 130 1
132 SDSS J123415.69+390116.4 bCG 12 34 15.69576 +39 01 16.4136           ~ 21 0
133 [OBV2016] GN-z11 EmG 12 36 25.46 +62 14 31.4           ~ 247 0
134 NAME CVn I dwA GiC 12 38 40.06 +32 46 00.5 16.91 16.66 16.73 16.62   ~ 242 0
135 NGC 4656 GiP 12 43 57.6889089768 +32 10 13.345914504   10.96 10.52     ~ 385 3
136 Z 71-87 H2G 12 58 40.1930636208 +14 13 00.739589628 15.24 15.16 14.98 14.81   ~ 475 0
137 Z 316-9 AG? 13 06 24.85 +67 42 25.0 14.08 13.61 13.08 12.98   ~ 268 1
138 Z 271-48 EmG 13 30 44.8682655624 +54 54 38.522749824 14.72 14.25 13.90 13.75   ~ 218 0
139 Z 131-18 EmG 13 39 19.348 +24 46 27.77 15.21 14.84 14.46 14.29   ~ 94 0
140 Z 218-34 AG? 13 39 53.75 +40 44 25.3 15.37 14.56 14.20 14.10   ~ 165 0
141 Z 272-13 AG? 13 54 45.602 +53 54 20.06   14.2       ~ 219 0
142 SDSS J140025.68+551318.5 G 14 00 25.681 +55 13 18.51           ~ 6 0
143 LEDA 2816073 G 14 00 32.43945 +55 14 45.8894           ~ 9 0
144 [KPA2011] VGS 39a G 14 03 21.7560821712 +32 45 30.510870732           ~ 5 0
145 NGC 5477 AG? 14 05 33.318 +54 27 37.85 13.94 14.36 14.01     ~ 224 1
146 2dFGRS TGN206Z232 bCG 14 14 54.149 -02 08 22.92   18.065   17.598   ~ 25 0
147 Z 133-19 AG? 14 15 57.0834 +23 03 29.871 15.40 14.77 14.41 14.32   ~ 296 0
148 Z 247-26 AG? 14 24 43.21 +44 31 41.8 14.24 13.54 13.17 13.07   ~ 217 0
149 MCG+07-30-055 H2G 14 44 12.8032800372 +42 37 43.773570223   16.0       ~ 92 0
150 SDSS J163114.25+442604.7 G 16 31 14.25960 +44 26 04.7364           ~ 26 0
151 LEDA 1139658 G 21 04 55.310 -00 35 22.38           ~ 33 0
152 IC 5152 rG 22 02 41.521 -51 17 47.20   11.03 10.9 10.19   ~ 273 1
153 SDSS J222933.18+272525.5 G 22 29 33.18552 +27 25 25.5972           ~ 11 0
154 SDSS J231357.40+293512.6 EmG 23 13 57.404 +29 35 12.70           ~ 2 0
155 MCG-05-56-001 G 23 43 45.549 -31 57 24.37 14.55 14.03 13.73 13.63   ~ 162 1
156 AGC 630890 EmG 23 54 37.314 -00 05 01.60           ~ 7 0
157 [DKF89] A PoG ~ ~           ~ 6 0
158 NAME Local Group GrG ~ ~           ~ 9325 0

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