2025ApJ...991..220Y

The Blooming Tree (BT) algorithm, based on the hierarchical clustering method, is designed to identify clusters, groups, and substructures from galaxy redshift surveys. We apply the BT algorithm to a wide-field (10 × 10 deg²) spectroscopic data set centered on the galaxy cluster A2029. The BT algorithm effectively identifies all the X-ray luminous clusters and most of the optical clusters known in the literature, numerous groups, and the filaments surrounding the clusters, associating a list of galaxy members to each structure. By lowering the detection threshold, the BT algorithm also identifies the three superclusters in the field. The BT algorithm arranges the clusters and groups that make up the superclusters in a hierarchical tree according to their pairwise binding energy: the algorithm thus unveils the possible accretion history of each supercluster and their future evolution. These results show how the BT algorithm can represent a crucial tool to investigate the formation and evolution of cosmic structures on nonlinear and mildly nonlinear scales.