2025ApJ...993...41G

Brown dwarfs that are short-period (<10 days) companions to actively flaring M dwarfs may provide a context to directly observe flare-driven photochemistry and structural changes in an extrasolar planet-like atmosphere. To assess the viability of directly observing flare impacts in the atmosphere of a brown dwarf, we perform self-consistent temperature-chemistry modeling of the atmospheric response to individual energetic superflares. We modified the existing open-source VULCAN chemical-kinetics and HELIOS radiative-transfer codes for this purpose. Similar to previous studies of flare impacts on hydrogen-dominated atmospheres, we find flares are capable of orders-of-magnitude changes in the mixing abundances of many chemical species, including important opacity sources like CH₄ and CO₂. However, due to the fast chemical timescales resulting from high temperatures and densities in brown dwarf atmospheres, these changes last for a short period of time, generally less than a day, and are only plausibly observable via high-resolution emission spectroscopy. We find that the most observable, short-term spectral changes in hot (T_eff ∼ 2000 K), high-gravity (${\rm{log}}\,g\,\sim 5$), cloudless brown dwarfs are the photolysis of H₂O and an enhancement of CO₂, which can result in part-per-thousands spectral changes in the hours after a flare.