2025MNRAS.538.2744F

The study of molecular clouds in galaxies beyond the Local Group is limited by the need to efficiently sample diverse galactic environments across galactic discs, typically resulting in a loss of resolution. Using a high-resolution dust extinction technique, we image the dust (and gas) of four nearby galaxies (<18 Mpc; NGC 4689, NGC 628, NGC 1566, and NGC 4321) with resolutions between 5 and 9 pc. We present catalogues of spatially resolved clouds for these galaxies, with which we investigate whether different galactic environments and morphologies have a significant impact on observed cloud properties. We find no systematic differences in cloud size, aspect ratio, or morphology with galactic environment or radius. We do find changes in cloud masses/surface densities between the centres and discs of galaxies, with clouds in centres typically displaying higher values of mass/surface density. Furthermore, we find distinct distributions of cloud surface densities across the bars of NGC 1566 and NGC 4321. Differences between the arm and inter-arm populations are more subtle, with some galaxies in the sample having much higher cloud masses/surface densities in their spiral arms, and other galaxies showing fairly similar arm/inter-arm distributions. These results suggest that, even within this small sample of galaxies, not all spiral arms and bars seem to behave and affect the interstellar medium equally. Therefore, performing a qualitative environment analysis, where clouds of different galaxies are all binned together under the same visual environmental classification, leads to the loss of information on interesting property variations which in turn demonstrate the impact of the underlying dynamics.