2025MNRAS.539.2513A

Query : 2025MNRAS.539.2513A

2025MNRAS.539.2513A - Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 539, 2513-2536 (2025/May-3)

Exploring the dynamical state of Galactic open clusters using Gaia DR3 and observational parameters.

ANGELO M.S., SANTOS J.F.C.Jr, CORRADI W.J.B. and MAIA F.F.S.

Abstract (from CDS):

Galactic open clusters (OCs) are subject to internal and external destructive effects that gradually deplete their stellar content, leaving imprints on their structure. To investigate their dynamical state from an observational perspective, we employed Gaia DR3 data to perform a comprehensive analysis of 174 OCs ($\sim$10 per cent of Dias et al.'s catalogue). We employed radial density profiles and astrometrically decontaminated colour-magnitude diagrams to derive structural parameters, distance, mass, and time-related quantities. We explored the parameters space and searched for connections relating the clusters' structure with the internal evolutionary state and the external Galactic tidal field. Correlations were verified after segregating the sample according to the Galactocentric distance and half-light to Jacobi radius ratio ($r_h/R_J$). This tidal filling ratio decreases with both the cluster mass and dynamical age. At a given evolutionary stage, OCs with larger $r_h/R_J$ tend to present larger fractions of mass loss due to dynamical effects. Regarding the impact of the external conditions, we identified different evaporation regimes: for ambient densities ($\rho _{\textrm {amb}}$) larger than $\sim$0.1 ${\rm M}_{\odot }$ pc$^{-3}$, clusters tend to be more tidally filled as they are subject to weaker tidal stresses. For $\rho _{\textrm {amb}}\lesssim 0.1\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ pc$^{-3}$, the opposite occurs: $R_J$ increases for smaller $\rho _{\textrm {amb}}$, causing $r_h/R_J$ to decrease. In turn, two-body relaxation tends to compact the cluster core, which is less sensitive to variations of the external potential. The higher the degree of central concentration, the larger the number of relaxation times a cluster takes until its dissolution.

Abstract Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society.

Journal keyword(s): surveys - open clusters and associations: general

Simbad objects: 125

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Number of rows : 125
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 NGC 103 OpC 00 25 14.6 +61 19 34   10.28 9.8     ~ 87 0
2 NGC 436 OpC 01 16 00.1 +58 49 15   8.01 8.8     ~ 80 0
3 NGC 457 OpC 01 19 32.4 +58 16 40   6.97 6.4     ~ 259 2
4 M 103 OpC 01 33 21.1 +60 39 13   7.72 7.4     ~ 212 0
5 Cl Trumpler 2 OpC 02 36 14.9 +55 54 32           ~ 124 0
6 NGC 1039 OpC 02 42 09.1 +42 44 02           ~ 467 0
7 NGC 1027 OpC 02 42 38.2 +61 36 49   7.28 6.7     ~ 109 0
8 NGC 1193 OpC 03 05 56.4 +44 22 58     12.6     ~ 97 0
9 Cl Trumpler 3 OpC 03 12 00.3 +63 12 35     7.0     ~ 57 0
10 NGC 1245 OpC 03 14 44.3 +47 14 06   9.16 8.4     ~ 171 0
11 NGC 1528 OpC 04 15 27.4 +51 13 21   6.83 6.4     ~ 133 0
12 NGC 1664 OpC 04 50 59.3 +43 39 48           ~ 143 0
13 Cl Berkeley 14 OpC 04 59 44.5 +43 29 12           ~ 52 1
14 NGC 1778 OpC 05 08 07.9 +37 01 01   8.20 7.7     ~ 99 0
15 NGC 1798 OpC 05 11 39.3 +47 41 28           ~ 85 0
16 Cl Berkeley 17 OpC 05 20 30.5 +30 34 20           ~ 192 0
17 Cl Berkeley 70 OpC 05 25 51.6 +41 57 41           ~ 45 0
18 NGC 1907 OpC 05 28 07.2 +35 19 33   8.87 8.2     ~ 140 2
19 M 38 OpC 05 28 40.0 +35 49 08   6.69 6.4     ~ 184 2
20 M 36 OpC 05 36 19.8 +34 08 02   6.09 6.0     ~ 206 2
21 NGC 2194 OpC 06 13 44.8 +12 48 48   9.03 8.5     ~ 90 1
22 NGC 2192 OpC 06 15 16.5 +39 50 39     10.9     ~ 52 0
23 NGC 2236 OpC 06 29 40.7 +06 49 56   9.08 8.5     ~ 60 0
24 Cl Trumpler 5 OpC 06 36 31.8 +09 28 03           ~ 146 0
25 NGC 2266 OpC 06 43 19.7 +26 58 35     9.5     ~ 82 0
26 Cl Collinder 115 OpC 06 46 39.4 +01 46 22     9.2     ~ 26 0
27 NGC 2286 OpC 06 47 40.3 -03 09 49   8.16 7.5     ~ 61 0
28 NGC 2281 OpC 06 48 19.7 +41 02 35   6.05 5.4     ~ 182 0
29 UBC 213 OpC 06 51 22.8 -01 48 03           ~ 15 0
30 NGC 2301 OpC 06 51 51.0 +00 28 35   6.30 6.0     ~ 173 0
31 NGC 2309 OpC 06 56 05.0 -07 11 01           ~ 31 0
32 Cl Berkeley 32 OpC 06 58 06.7 +06 25 53           ~ 164 0
33 Cl Haffner 1 OpC 07 00 29.6 -20 34 35           ~ 69 0
34 NGC 2324 OpC 07 04 08.5 +01 02 50   8.83 8.4     ~ 174 0
35 NGC 2335 OpC 07 06 45.8 -10 01 00   7.76 7.2     ~ 92 0
36 NGC 2354 OpC 07 13 59.2 -25 43 40   7.28 6.5     ~ 111 0
37 NGC 2355 OpC 07 16 59.1 +13 46 09     9.7     ~ 127 0
38 Cl Haffner 5 OpC 07 17 58.7 -22 39 33           ~ 24 0
39 Cl Melotte 66 OpC 07 26 19.2 -47 41 14   8.73       ~ 213 0
40 NGC 2396 OpC 07 27 59.9 -11 42 19     7.4     ~ 42 0
41 NGC 2414 OpC 07 33 10.7 -15 26 56   8.33 7.9     ~ 87 0
42 NGC 2423 OpC 07 37 11.3 -13 51 45           ~ 175 0
43 NGC 2425 OpC 07 38 18.4 -14 53 32           ~ 64 0
44 NGC 2420 OpC 07 38 24.6 +21 34 26   9.0 8.3     ~ 523 0
45 Cl Melotte 72 OpC 07 38 28.8 -10 41 59           ~ 32 0
46 NGC 2428 OpC 07 39 21.0 -16 33 54           ~ 42 0
47 NGC 2439 OpC 07 40 46.5 -31 41 36   7.31 6.9     ~ 150 0
48 Cl Haffner 13 OpC 07 40 54.3 -30 02 52           ~ 59 0
49 NGC 2437 OpC 07 41 45.4 -14 50 42           ~ 174 0
50 NGC 2447 OpC 07 44 34.6 -23 51 22           ~ 170 1
51 Cl Berkeley 39 OpC 07 46 48.1 -04 39 59           ~ 209 1
52 NGC 2482 OpC 07 55 09.9 -24 16 39   7.71 7.3     ~ 102 0
53 NGC 2489 OpC 07 56 15.7 -30 03 35   8.58 7.9     ~ 83 0
54 NGC 2506 OpC 08 00 02.3 -10 46 22   8.28 7.6     ~ 313 0
55 NGC 2509 OpC 08 00 48.4 -19 03 28     9.3     ~ 39 0
56 NGC 2548 OpC 08 13 34.0 -05 43 11           ~ 227 0
57 NGC 2571 OpC 08 18 54.3 -29 45 45   7.16 7.0     ~ 85 0
58 NGC 2627 OpC 08 37 13.9 -29 57 04     8.4     ~ 74 0
59 NGC 2635 OpC 08 38 28.6 -34 46 52   12.06 11.2     ~ 40 0
60 IC 2395 OpC 08 42 09.0 -48 05 14     4.6     ~ 120 1
61 NGC 2658 OpC 08 43 27.6 -32 39 50     9.2     ~ 55 0
62 Cl VDBH 49 OpC 08 44 35.7 -35 54 02           ~ 26 0
63 NGC 2670 OpC 08 45 32.2 -48 47 23   8.31 7.8     ~ 73 0
64 NGC 2669 OpC 08 46 29.5 -52 55 05   6.35 6.1     ~ 81 0
65 NGC 2818 OpC 09 16 10.8 -36 37 09           ~ 108 1
66 NGC 2849 OpC 09 19 24.9 -40 31 17     12.5     ~ 34 0
67 IC 2488 OpC 09 27 28.6 -57 00 45           ~ 75 0
68 Cl Collinder 217 OpC 10 06 28.3 -60 17 20   9.10 8.8     ~ 37 0
69 NGC 3293 OpC 10 35 50.3 -58 14 04           ~ 327 0
70 Cl Melotte 101 OpC 10 42 08.3 -65 06 35           ~ 57 0
71 Cl Ruprecht 91 OpC 10 47 45.3 -57 29 41           ~ 51 0
72 NGC 3496 OpC 10 59 31.8 -60 20 12   9.02 8.2     ~ 78 0
73 Cl Trumpler 19 OpC 11 14 30.6 -57 33 49     9.6     ~ 33 0
74 [KPR2005] 68 OpC 11 59 54.6 -60 39 59           ~ 38 0
75 NGC 4103 OpC 12 06 35.0 -61 14 47     7.4     ~ 104 1
76 NGC 4349 OpC 12 24 14.1 -61 52 11   8.01 7.4     ~ 124 0
77 Cl Trumpler 20 OpC 12 39 33.0 -60 38 10           ~ 138 0
78 NGC 4609 OpC 12 42 19.2 -62 59 36   7.32 6.9     ~ 96 0
79 UBC 290 OpC 12 47 47.1 -59 22 49           ~ 17 0
80 NGC 4755 OpC 12 53 39.2 -60 22 07           ~ 300 0
81 NGC 4852 OpC 13 00 12.1 -59 36 25     8.9     ~ 46 0
82 Cl Collinder 272 OpC 13 30 19.1 -61 18 59   8.25 7.7     ~ 70 0
83 Cl Pismis 18 OpC 13 36 54.8 -62 05 29   10.30 9.7     ~ 70 0
84 Cl Collinder 277 OpC 13 48 17.4 -66 04 17     9.2     ~ 24 0
85 NGC 5381 OpC 14 00 50.5 -59 34 46           ~ 36 0
86 NGC 5715 OpC 14 43 28.1 -57 34 16     9.8     ~ 33 0
87 NGC 5822 OpC 15 04 08.3 -54 21 52           ~ 238 0
88 NGC 5823 OpC 15 05 29.3 -55 36 28   8.61 7.9     ~ 76 0
89 NGC 5925 OpC 15 27 23.7 -54 30 47     8.4     ~ 34 0
90 NGC 6025 OpC 16 03 09.4 -60 26 59           ~ 117 0
91 NGC 6067 OpC 16 13 10.2 -54 13 48           ~ 239 0
92 NGC 6087 OpC 16 18 55.7 -57 53 32           ~ 198 0
93 NGC 6134 OpC 16 27 48.5 -49 09 40   7.89 7.2     ~ 166 0
94 NGC 6152 OpC 16 32 43.9 -52 37 18     8.1     ~ 41 0
95 NGC 6204 OpC 16 46 09.1 -47 01 29   8.51 8.2     ~ 139 0
96 NGC 6208 OpC 16 49 20.5 -53 43 27   8.06 7.2     ~ 94 0
97 NGC 6253 OpC 16 59 06.4 -52 42 39     10.2     ~ 209 0
98 NGC 6281 OpC 17 04 44.6 -37 57 08           ~ 156 0
99 Cl Trumpler 25 OpC 17 24 30.0 -39 00 51     11.7     ~ 30 0
100 IC 4651 OpC 17 24 48.5 -49 55 23           ~ 374 0
101 Cl Harvard 17 OpC 17 41 20.5 -40 09 24     7.5     ~ 41 0
102 NGC 6416 OpC 17 44 06.6 -32 21 21           ~ 70 0
103 NAME Galactic Center reg 17 45 39.60213 -29 00 22.0000           ~ 16269 0
104 M 23 OpC 17 56 56.2 -18 58 21           ~ 144 0
105 M 21 OpC 18 04 10.1 -22 30 00           ~ 157 0
106 NGC 6568 OpC 18 12 49.6 -21 36 46     8.6     ~ 40 0
107 Cl Dias 6 OpC 18 30 27.3 -12 19 52           ~ 34 0
108 NGC 6645 OpC 18 32 38.2 -16 55 09     8.5     ~ 28 0
109 IC 4756 OpC 18 38 39.0 +05 26 14           ~ 274 0
110 NGC 6705 OpC 18 51 03.7 -06 16 18   6.32 5.8     ~ 442 0
111 NGC 6709 OpC 18 51 17.1 +10 20 15   7.18 6.7     ~ 145 0
112 NGC 6728 OpC 18 58 52.2 -08 57 39           ~ 38 0
113 Cl Berkeley 81 OpC 19 01 39.4 -00 27 10           ~ 93 0
114 NGC 6791 OpC 19 20 52.8 +37 46 40   10.52 9.5     ~ 1120 0
115 NGC 6793 OpC 19 23 16.4 +22 08 54           ~ 53 0
116 NGC 6819 OpC 19 41 18.3 +40 11 19   8.21 7.3     ~ 719 0
117 IC 1311 OpC 20 10 47.5 +41 10 36     13.1     ~ 59 0
118 NGC 6939 OpC 20 31 40.6 +60 38 54           ~ 171 0
119 HD 196095 BS* 20 34 13.3725418704 +28 09 50.971459428   9.25 9.08     A2 16 0
120 NGC 6940 OpC 20 34 28.4 +28 17 07           ~ 215 0
121 NGC 7082 OpC 21 28 45.5 +47 06 13   7.70 7.2     ~ 65 0
122 NGC 7209 OpC 22 04 50.7 +46 30 11   8.24 7.7     ~ 144 0
123 NGC 7243 OpC 22 15 16.0 +49 50 07   6.54 6.4     ~ 133 0
124 UBC 170 OpC 22 31 20.4 +58 03 27           ~ 17 0
125 Cl Berkeley 98 OpC 22 42 37.9 +52 24 40           ~ 38 0

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