2025MNRAS.540.3289G


Query : 2025MNRAS.540.3289G

2025MNRAS.540.3289G - Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 540, 3289-3310 (2025/July-2)

The spectral energy distribution of extreme population A quasars.

GARNICA K., DULTZIN D., MARZIANI P. and PANDA S.

Abstract (from CDS):

Knowledge of the broad-band active galactic nuclei (AGNs) spectral energy distribution (SED) that ionizes the gas-rich broad emission line region is key to understanding the various radiative processes at play and their importance that eventually leads to the emission line formation. We modelled a SED for highly accreting quasars, also known as extreme population A sources, based mainly on observational data available in astronomical data bases, and on accretion disc models for the unobservable far-ultraviolet (UV) domain. Our selection criterion is the $R_\mathrm{{\rm{ Fe\,\small II}}}$ parameter - the ratio of the optical Fe II emission between 4434 Å and 4684 Å to the H$\beta$ $\lambda$4861 Å intensity, $R_\mathrm{{\rm{ Fe\,\small II}}}$$\ge$ 1. This criterion is satisfied by highly accreting, possibly super-Eddington, black holes. We analysed 155 sources up to a redshift of approximately 1, previously reported in the literature, to construct a median radio-quiet SED spanning from radio to X-ray wavelengths. We find that the SED of quasars exhibits distinct features compared to lower accreting AGN, including a pronounced big blue bump and strong optical/UV emission along with a steep X-ray continuum. We classify the sources into radio-quiet, radio-intermediate, and radio-loud categories, observing that radio-intermediate and a subsample of radio-quiet AGN show a significant far-infrared (IR) excess over the radio-quiet SED and the far-IR excess appears to be related to the prominence of Fe II emission. There is an overall consistency between the new SED and the one obtained for high Eddington ratio quasars in previous work. We provide the SEDs in digital format for eventual applications.

Abstract Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society.

Journal keyword(s): galaxies: active - galaxies: nuclei - quasars: emission lines - quasars: general - quasars: supermassive black holes

Status at CDS : Large table(s) will be appraised for possible ingestion in VizieR.

Simbad objects: 156

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Number of rows : 156
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA
ICRS (J2000)
DEC
Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026
#notes
1 2MASS J00041080-1045271 Sy1 00 04 10.8070145280 -10 45 27.148444488   18.24 17.92     ~ 30 0
2 LBQS 0006+0015 Sy1 00 08 34.7224708416 +00 31 56.200631592   18.36 18.08     ~ 53 0
3 LBQS 0019+0022A QSO 00 21 41.0149113120 +00 38 41.715667104   18.99 18.54     ~ 38 0
4 2MASS J00405217+0000573 Sy1 00 40 52.1492261088 +00 00 57.279002544   18.66 18.44     ~ 39 0
5 Mrk 957 Sy1 00 41 53.4322147944 +40 21 17.647820820   15.94 15.14     ~ 109 1
6 Mrk 1502 Sy1 00 53 34.9331107632 +12 41 35.929269132   14.41 14.03     ~ 1242 1
7 Ton S 180 Sy1 00 57 20.2040816832 -22 22 56.575212564   14.60 14.34 15.23   ~ 320 0
8 LEDA 3095485 Sy1 01 00 27.0977041272 -51 13 54.099800868   16.48 15.4 15.17   ~ 59 0
9 6dFGS gJ011110.0-101632 Sy1 01 11 10.0407996504 -10 16 31.924953192   17.32 16.96     ~ 34 0
10 PKS 0129-066 Rad 01 32 05.5 -06 26 17           ~ 3 0
11 2MASS J01345749-4056216 Sy1 01 34 57.4891301304 -40 56 21.861898944     17.47     ~ 15 0
12 2MASS J01395577+0619225 Sy1 01 39 55.7697705024 +06 19 22.520805888   16.80 17.00     ~ 189 0
13 SDSS J020028.37-093858.9 Sy1 02 00 28.3736935128 -09 38 59.051615064   19.46 19.16     ~ 23 0
14 6dFGS gJ021707.9-084743 Sy1 02 17 07.8766625088 -08 47 43.517029956   17.81 17.44     ~ 31 0
15 2MASS J02185988+0028557 QSO 02 18 59.8712953536 +00 28 55.865610984   18.65 18.32     ~ 34 0
16 PB 9379 Sy1 02 56 27.7655368728 -08 01 34.991066208   18.13 17.94     ~ 30 0
17 [VV2006] J030000.0-080357 QSO 03 00 00.0066457824 -08 03 56.995335000   17.11 16.94     ~ 29 0
18 2MASS J03225551+0018595 Sy1 03 22 55.4957453208 +00 18 59.855397408   18.40 18.10     ~ 30 0
19 6C 032130+340016 BLL 03 24 41.1612813408 +34 10 45.857918460     15.72 13.1   ~ 314 1
20 2MASS J03390167-0551399 Sy1 03 39 01.6740532536 -05 51 39.904821828   18.82 18.32     ~ 28 0
21 LEDA 3095644 Sy1 03 39 13.4404362576 -26 36 48.746995632     15.5     ~ 8 0
22 2MASS J03490770-4711041 Sy1 03 49 07.7094699864 -47 11 04.117135560   18.29 16.8 17.01   ~ 15 0
23 QSO J0439-5311 Sy1 04 39 38.7161600856 -53 11 31.242561864     16.2     ~ 59 0
24 LEDA 2816425 Sy1 04 44 28.7756530728 +12 21 11.721056364           ~ 75 0
25 QSO B0558-5026 BLL 05 59 47.3916612936 -50 26 52.025952120   15.18 14.97     ~ 307 1
26 LEDA 379271 Sy1 06 15 49.5806236080 -58 26 05.247511116   16.93   15.85   ~ 20 0
27 LEDA 88588 Sy1 07 08 41.4886614696 -49 33 06.308921700   16.02 15.7 12.7   ~ 566 0
28 SDSS J071933.35+403253.0 Sy1 07 19 33.3525929688 +40 32 53.035705788           ~ 15 0
29 SDSS J073955.14+331236.8 Sy1 07 39 55.1460408720 +33 12 36.864208656   19.83 19.37     ~ 20 0
30 2MASS J07415122+4234436 Sy1 07 41 51.1553087928 +42 34 43.677035580   19.91 19.45     ~ 17 0
31 2MASS J07451128+1919430 Sy1 07 45 11.2719104304 +19 19 42.990107484   18.64 18.45     ~ 25 0
32 2MASS J07464479+2940591 Sy1 07 46 44.7947335560 +29 40 59.026780812   18.08 17.83     ~ 31 0
33 2MASS J07500524+2929443 Sy1 07 50 05.2768818360 +29 29 44.353703400   19.03 18.70     ~ 25 0
34 2MASS J07514159+3539143 Sy1 07 51 41.5705215336 +35 39 14.814244548   20.05 19.50     ~ 21 0
35 2MASX J08003755+4612574 Sy1 08 00 37.6609788288 +46 12 57.942418248   18.89 18.32     ~ 32 0
36 2MASS J08013157+3544362 Sy1 08 01 31.5900857496 +35 44 36.364645932   18.27 17.95     ~ 45 0
37 IRAS 07598+6508 Sy1 08 04 30.4643108040 +64 59 52.789588188   14.3 15.5     ~ 242 0
38 2MASSI J0816361+294135 Sy1 08 16 36.1854797880 +29 41 35.831786928   18.85 18.50     ~ 30 0
39 USNO-A2.0 1350-07355553 Sy1 08 19 29.4813482976 +52 23 45.309922728   19.54 19.37     ~ 19 0
40 2MASS J08214075+3715189 QSO 08 21 40.7498685480 +37 15 18.783120960   19.63 19.13     ~ 15 0
41 2MASS J08281155+1233593 QSO 08 28 11.5569212136 +12 33 59.317232220   18.87 18.44     ~ 10 0
42 2MASS J08332567+3912048 Sy1 08 33 25.6952616672 +39 12 04.694820912   18.98 18.56     ~ 23 0
43 [VV2006] J083338.0+342121 QSO 08 33 37.9950143184 +34 21 21.936765060   18.51 18.25     ~ 28 0
44 [VV2006] J083437.0+532818 Sy1 08 34 37.0940987880 +53 28 18.196784796   18.2 18.84 18.5   ~ 29 0
45 2MASS J08345338+3847086 Sy2 08 34 53.3946544392 +38 47 08.591650368   18.89 18.35     ~ 25 0
46 2MASS J08355098+1423443 Sy1 08 35 50.9806653024 +14 23 44.380140324   18.34 18.08     ~ 12 0
47 2MASS J08355346+0553171 Sy1 08 35 53.4636608376 +05 53 17.115084240   17.66 17.39     ~ 47 0
48 SDSS J083558.42+261444.4 QSO 08 35 58.4319011136 +26 14 44.534252760           ~ 9 0
49 2MASS J08375388+1939002 Sy1 08 37 53.8876638144 +19 39 00.231325308   19.38 18.83     ~ 14 0
50 [VV2006] J085038.7+520145 Sy1 08 50 38.6361458256 +52 01 45.729403824   19.24 19.00     ~ 22 0
51 2MASS J08590047+3832118 Sy1 08 59 00.4926707520 +38 32 11.722540380   18.49 18.24     ~ 30 0
52 2MASS J09065448+3914553 Sy1 09 06 54.4785317280 +39 14 55.344058728   18.23 17.97     ~ 40 0
53 LEDA 26550 Sy1 09 22 47.0337452784 +51 20 37.977167616   17.89 17.56     ~ 90 1
54 LEDA 3095876 Sy1 09 33 02.6851022088 +38 52 28.012487736   18.03 17.72     ~ 51 0
55 SDSS J093749.85+585522.7 Sy1 09 37 49.8546212952 +58 55 22.632798216   19.60 19.07     ~ 13 0
56 2E 2173 Sy1 09 42 33.2529598608 +09 38 37.702434192   20.03 19.10     ~ 17 0
57 [VV2006c] J094248.1+112934 Sy1 09 42 48.0854098968 +11 29 34.464135516   20.02 19.70     ~ 16 0
58 SDSS J094717.91+461509.2 Sy1 09 47 17.9075924640 +46 15 09.278341812   19.31 18.82     ~ 21 0
59 QSO J0948+0022 Bla 09 48 57.32005819 +00 22 25.5596984   18.85 18.61 18.17   ~ 350 2
60 SDSS J095150.49-025545.5 QSO 09 51 50.4954662208 -02 55 45.462789912           ~ 9 0
61 [VV2006] J095633.9+562216 QSO 09 56 33.9334322280 +56 22 16.067023356   16.5 18.08 17.4   ~ 28 0
62 SDSS J100131.16+593939.3 Sy1 10 01 31.1508846984 +59 39 39.370334436   19.58 19.28     ~ 8 0
63 Ton 28 Sy1 10 04 02.6102134920 +28 55 35.329310688   16.17 15.7     ~ 192 0
64 RX J100508+84205 Sy1 10 05 17.1763991904 +84 20 43.759931604   18.3       ~ 23 0
65 IRAS 10026+4347 Sy1 10 05 41.8619625936 +43 32 40.448664672   17.09 16.89     ~ 91 1
66 Ton 488 Sy1 10 10 00.6871776552 +30 03 21.574537668   17.35 17.00     ~ 81 0
67 IRAS F10106+2227 Sy1 10 13 25.4320508328 +22 12 29.399539572   17.93 17.71     ~ 33 0
68 SDSS J101952.59+073050.8 Sy1 10 19 52.5988686480 +07 30 50.884588800           ~ 13 0
69 7C 1019+3946 Bla 10 22 37.4465833368 +39 31 50.127199176   17.81 17.60 16.2   ~ 67 1
70 Mrk 142 Sy1 10 25 31.2786898344 +51 40 34.867889004   16.33 16.12     ~ 330 0
71 SDSS J102818.15+535113.6 QSO 10 28 18.1589243880 +53 51 13.600538028   18.6   18.8   ~ 11 0
72 FBQS J1033+2332 Sy1 10 33 46.3947775632 +23 32 19.993089012   19.13 18.88     ~ 18 0
73 Z 212-25 Sy1 10 34 38.5982990352 +39 38 28.187042604   17.37 16.90     ~ 402 1
74 2MASS J10345725+2356380 Sy1 10 34 57.2630075688 +23 56 38.144148144   18.04 17.85     ~ 21 0
75 2MASS J10400933+5603432 QSO 10 40 09.3324092304 +56 03 43.249651704   19.39 18.59     ~ 24 0
76 2MASS J10401120+4521260 Sy1 10 40 11.1828874440 +45 21 25.939788876   18.12 17.96     ~ 31 0
77 2MASS J10461372+5255544 Sy1 10 46 13.7291828880 +52 55 54.273299124   17.84 17.64     ~ 53 0
78 2MASS J10481659+2222390 Sy1 10 48 16.5856125408 +22 22 38.983211760   18.63 18.21     ~ 26 0
79 2MASS J10520559+3640395 QSO 10 52 05.5794926232 +36 40 39.715939272   17.22 17.11     ~ 29 0
80 SDSS J105525.26+154433.8 QSO 10 55 25.2604737264 +15 44 33.859741272           ~ 10 0
81 SDSS J105957.21+274150.7 Sy1 10 59 57.2092915848 +27 41 50.595508176           ~ 13 0
82 RX J1105.6+0202 Sy1 11 05 42.7253648760 +02 02 50.951279364   19.28 18.96     ~ 29 0
83 2MASS J11171007+6522073 Sy1 11 17 10.0677331056 +65 22 07.230282924   16.8 16.4     ~ 27 0
84 LEDA 34570 Sy1 11 18 30.2894794680 +40 25 54.068810952   16.34 16.21     ~ 246 0
85 Z 186-18 Sy1 11 39 13.9165085280 +33 55 51.148246188   17.38 16.98     ~ 98 0
86 SDSS J114339.53+205921.1 Sy1 11 43 39.5347816992 +20 59 21.071626908           ~ 11 0
87 SDSS J114915.30+393325.4 QSO 11 49 15.3044629056 +39 33 25.448443524   19.85 19.55     ~ 27 0
88 Z 243-24 Sy2 11 53 41.7732361680 +46 12 42.174375120   16.24 15.45     ~ 224 0
89 LEDA 90159 Sy1 12 02 26.7665445864 -01 29 15.399814956   17.81 17.54 17.534   ~ 101 0
90 2MASS J12054812+5848144 Sy1 12 05 48.1616250480 +58 48 14.494306752   19.08 18.63     ~ 26 0
91 SDSS J120910.61+561109.2 Sy1 12 09 10.6209712104 +56 11 09.289854564           ~ 16 0
92 LEDA 3096099 Sy1 12 09 45.2139629160 +32 17 01.101574284   17.80 17.58     ~ 52 0
93 NGC 4253 Sy1 12 18 26.5163572920 +29 48 46.531535472   14.34 13.57     ~ 1106 1
94 2E 2732 Sy1 12 29 26.4234487536 +13 20 20.521525560   17.92 17.19     ~ 28 0
95 LEDA 169472 Sy1 12 31 13.1265488784 +12 03 07.219728108   18.36 17.91     ~ 36 0
96 SDSS J123640.35+563021.4 Sy1 12 36 40.3499905056 +56 30 21.460537584           ~ 14 0
97 Z 244-33 Sy1 12 36 51.1771780656 +45 39 04.167368784   17.64 17.16     ~ 91 0
98 LEDA 42648 Sy1 12 42 10.6050409800 +33 17 02.662913436   16.45 15.65     ~ 128 0
99 QSO J1245+3356 QSO 12 45 11.2585883616 +33 56 10.098792816   17.06 16.88     ~ 62 0
100 LBQS 1244+0238 Sy1 12 46 35.2527826632 +02 22 08.782546368   16.57 16.37     ~ 313 0
101 LEDA 3096190 Sy1 12 49 38.3997020160 +46 47 24.961295292   17.76 17.54     ~ 35 0
102 IRAS F12489+6619 Sy1 12 51 00.4438427232 +66 03 26.781054660   17.18 16.97     ~ 44 0
103 Z 294-4 Sy1 12 56 14.2341182928 +56 52 25.238373852   14.68 13.84     ~ 2096 3
104 LB 2522 Sy1 13 01 12.9250750776 +59 02 06.693816732   16.04 15.89     ~ 298 0
105 2MASS J13041699+0205369 Sy1 13 04 16.9956509664 +02 05 37.011845868   17.71 17.43     ~ 53 0
106 [VV2006] J130631.6+435100 QSO 13 06 31.6343963040 +43 51 00.399082140   17.56 17.44     ~ 32 0
107 SDSS J130955.97+530636.7 Sy1 13 09 55.9628141928 +53 06 36.648528624   18.78 18.56     ~ 24 0
108 US 627 QSO 13 21 46.5277814136 +26 51 50.146190784   17.71 17.54     ~ 31 0
109 LEDA 88835 Sy1 13 25 19.3805530608 -38 24 52.611680340   16.64 13.80 15.33 14.78 ~ 457 0
110 PB 4007 Sy1 13 36 02.0092074528 +17 25 13.092799188   16.50 16.33     ~ 93 1
111 3XMM J133623.7+031059 Sy1 13 36 23.7643466952 +03 10 59.630884860   19.74 19.46     ~ 22 0
112 IRAS 13349+2438 Sy1 13 37 18.7199358192 +24 23 03.319883484     15.0     ~ 410 0
113 Mrk 662 Sy1 13 54 06.4281510312 +23 25 49.346507964   16.06 15.37     ~ 115 0
114 LEDA 2816068 Sy1 13 55 16.5544257624 +56 12 44.628164604   17.38 17.09     ~ 81 0
115 Ton 182 Sy1 14 05 16.2178674936 +25 55 34.117540788   15.42 15.34     ~ 268 0
116 PG 1404+226 Sy1 14 06 21.8900886888 +22 23 46.515550056   16.62 16.42     ~ 254 0
117 LEDA 2736483 Sy1 14 13 36.7134126624 +70 29 50.459589312     16.9     ~ 19 0
118 LEDA 2816087 Sy1 14 14 19.8442256712 +53 38 15.406986696   18.35 18.04     ~ 45 0
119 LEDA 51016 Sy1 14 17 00.8224797456 +44 56 06.336360024   16.93 16.63     ~ 275 0
120 87GB 142348.8+400027 Sy1 14 25 49.1923733952 +39 46 55.048312812           ~ 16 0
121 Z 163-70 Sy1 14 31 04.7823008520 +28 17 14.127735336   15.36 14.68     ~ 118 0
122 2MASS J14394028+0305283 Sy1 14 39 40.2760215072 +03 05 28.639386888   18.45 18.18     ~ 32 0
123 LEDA 1098647 Sy1 14 41 11.5465565376 -02 12 35.134894656   16.94 16.67 15.768   ~ 35 0
124 Mrk 478 Sy1 14 42 07.4714418744 +35 26 22.938625500   14.91 14.58     ~ 567 1
125 [VV2006c] J144519.0+583945 Sy1 14 45 19.0363305312 +58 39 45.279820656   20.26 20.04     ~ 19 0
126 2MASS J14464593+4035057 Sy1 14 46 45.9392259288 +40 35 05.797233636   16.28 16.11     ~ 302 0
127 2MASS J14490218+4721380 Sy1 14 49 02.1590946288 +47 21 38.202401124   18.77 18.57     ~ 28 0
128 LEDA 3076910 Sy1 14 55 17.5192400136 -51 34 15.181812480           ~ 77 0
129 2MASS J15024537+4054372 Sy1 15 02 45.3707114760 +40 54 37.306336788   18.69 18.35     ~ 22 0
130 QSO J1505+0326 Bla 15 05 06.47716039 +03 26 30.8125704   19.02 18.62 17.72   ~ 278 1
131 SDSS J150521.92+014149.8 Sy1 15 05 21.9237741288 +01 41 49.772658192   18.50 18.17     ~ 16 0
132 SDSS J151302.62+542227.9 Sy1 15 13 02.6202714240 +54 22 27.774320664   19.82 19.66     ~ 22 0
133 LB 9763 Sy1 15 29 39.2965474536 +20 39 06.862805100   17.60 17.28     ~ 23 0
134 2MASS J15511959+2550470 QSO 15 51 19.6001791944 +25 50 47.006228472   18.29 18.12     ~ 15 0
135 LEDA 56356 Sy1 15 54 44.5798403976 +08 22 21.412038576   16.38 16.16     ~ 132 0
136 Mrk 291 Sy2 15 55 07.9382721408 +19 11 32.556647184   16.15 15.51     ~ 107 0
137 Z 195-3 Sy1 15 59 09.6231720696 +35 01 47.561352852   15.69 15.06     ~ 346 0
138 2MASS J16002874+0110266 Sy1 16 00 28.7215352304 +01 10 26.684763996   18.03 17.80     ~ 27 0
139 2MASX J16180940+3619580 Sy1 16 18 09.3737457456 +36 19 57.871902108   17.63 17.09     ~ 44 0
140 2MASX J16332357+4718588 Sy1 16 33 23.5812109560 +47 18 58.936241628   17.77 17.35     ~ 88 1
141 SDSS J163345.22+512748.4 QSO 16 33 45.2236647984 +51 27 48.450104172           ~ 14 0
142 LEDA 835095 Sy1 16 38 30.9120796728 -20 55 24.564701892   16.88   15.13   ~ 62 0
143 IRAS 17002+5153 Sy1 17 01 24.8265469104 +51 49 20.447878836   15.49 15.12     ~ 401 0
144 2MASS J17023106+3247196 Sy1 17 02 31.0621362912 +32 47 19.645937088   16.19 15.98     ~ 74 1
145 SDSS J170300.48+410835.8 QSO 17 03 00.4887478440 +41 08 35.847308796           ~ 8 0
146 6C 170204+454510 Sy1 17 03 30.3824218008 +45 40 47.166180564   16.0       ~ 170 2
147 SDSS J171749.62+253908.7 Sy1 17 17 49.6219898568 +25 39 08.771458572           ~ 11 0
148 QSO B1725-142 QSO 17 28 19.7893499760 -14 15 55.854918288   14.69 14.03 13.7   ~ 362 0
149 Mrk 507 Sy1 17 48 38.33640 +68 42 16.0560   16.33 15.45     ~ 157 1
150 IRAS 21262+5643 Sy1 21 27 45.3941483856 +56 56 34.915920720       16.6   ~ 186 0
151 RX J2216.9-4451 Sy1 22 16 53.2186415472 -44 51 56.950820316   17.80 15.8 16.25   ~ 30 1
152 2MASS J22175666-5941309 Sy1 22 17 56.6565733944 -59 41 30.813696852 16.30 17.08 16.78 16.80   ~ 42 0
153 LEDA 3096673 Sy1 22 19 18.5300391432 +12 07 53.200096068   17.71 17.19     ~ 48 0
154 2MASS J22423769-3845162 Sy1 22 42 37.6891808688 -38 45 16.294895352   18.50 16.9 17.05   ~ 19 0
155 Z 495-18 Sy1 22 42 39.3363009144 +29 43 31.302092640   14.86 14.16     ~ 748 1
156 LEDA 3096727 Sy1 23 17 49.9494999096 -44 22 27.804075348   17.96 16.8 16.84   ~ 22 0

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