2025MNRAS.543.3055L

Query : 2025MNRAS.543.3055L

2025MNRAS.543.3055L - Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 543, 3055-3070 (2025/November-1)

First light and reionization epoch simulations (FLARES) - XIX. Supermassive black hole mergers in the early Universe and their environmental dependence.

LIAO S., IRODOTOU D., MALTZ M.G.A., LOVELL C.C., JIANG Z., NEWMAN S.L., VIJAYAN A.P., PUNYASHEEL P., ROPER W.J., SEEYAVE L.T.C., SOININEN S., THOMAS P.A. and WILKINS S.M.

Abstract (from CDS):

The upcoming space-based gravitational wave (GW) observatory, Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), is expected to detect GW signals from supermassive black hole (SMBH) mergers occurring at high redshifts. However, understanding the origin and growth of SMBHs in the early Universe remains an open problem in astrophysics. In this work, we utilize the First Light And Reionization Epoch Simulations (FLARES), a suite of cosmological hydrodynamical zoom-in simulations, to study SMBH mergers at $5 \lesssim z \lesssim 10$ across a wide range of environments. Most mergers in FLARES involve secondary SMBHs near the seed mass ( $m_{\rm seed} \approx 1.5 \times 10^{5}\,{\rm M}_{\odot }$ ) while primary SMBHs span up to $10^{9}\,{\rm M}_{\odot }$ , resulting in mass ratios from $q \sim 10^{-4}$ to 1, with a peak at $q \sim 1$ . The number of mergers increases rapidly towards lower redshifts, and the comoving total number density scales with overdensity as $n_{\rm merger} = 10^{-3.81} (1 + \delta)^{4.78}$ . Denser regions host more massive mergers, with higher merger redshifts and lower mass ratios. Within the FLARES redshift range, LISA is expected to detect mergers with $10^{5} \lesssim M_{\rm tot}/{\rm M}_{\odot } \lesssim 10^{8}$ and $q \gtrsim 10^{-2}$ , corresponding to a detection rate of $0.030~{\rm yr}^{-1}$ for events with signal-to-noise ratio ${\rm SNR} \ge 10$ . Our study demonstrates the sensitivity of GW predictions at high redshifts to SMBH seed models and merger time delays, highlighting the need for improved modelling in future cosmological simulations to maximize LISA's scientific return.

Abstract Copyright: © The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society.

Journal keyword(s): black hole physics - gravitational waves - methods: numerical - galaxies: interactions - quasars: supermassive black holes

Simbad objects: 1

Full paper

View the references in ADS

Number of rows : 1

N	Identifier	Otype	ICRS (J2000) RA	ICRS (J2000) DEC	Mag U	Mag B	Mag V	Mag R	Mag I	Sp type	#ref 1850 - 2026	#notes
1	ACO 370	ClG	02 39 50.5	-01 35 08						~	825	0

Query : 2025MNRAS.543.3055L

Basic data :

ACO 370 -- Cluster of Galaxies
Other object types:	`ClG (2020MNRAS,ACO,...)`, `gLe (2001ApJ)`, `C?G (2014A&A)`, `X (2E)`
ICRS coord. (ep=J2000) :	`02 39 50.5 -01 35 08 [ ] E 2001ApJ...554L.129M`
FK4 coord. (ep=B1950 eq=1950) :	`02 37 18.0 -01 48 00 [ ]`
Gal coord. (ep=J2000) :	`173.0040 -53.5703 [ ]`
Radial velocity / Redshift / cz :	`V(km/s) 92368 [~] / z(spectroscopic) 0.375 [~] / cz 112422 [~] D 2013ApJ...765...67M`

Overlay

points in this preview

2MASS DSS

All

(CDSPortal)

Send to

Hierarchy : number of linked objects
whatever the membership probability is (see description here ) :

An access of full data is available using the icon Vizier near the identifier of the catalogue

`ACO 370`	`ClG 0237.3-0148`	`PSZ1 G172.97-53.54`	`ZwCl 388-17`
`ACT-CL J0239.8-0134`	`2E 633`	`PSZ2 G172.98-53.55`	`[F81] 69`
`BAX 039.9604-01.5856`	`2E 0237.3-0147`	`XMMXCS J023953.0-013441.1`	`[RRB2014] RM J023952.7-013418.9`

References (825 between 1850 and 2026) (Total 825)
Simbad bibliographic survey began in 1850 for stars (at least bright stars) and in 1983 for all other objects (outside the solar system).

Follow new references on this object

Collections of Measurements

Observing logs

External archives :

Archive data at HEASARC - High-Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center

Data at NED - NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database : ACO 370

Link by name to the catalogue in VizieR :

ACO 370 2E 633

Search by coordinates in Vizier (radius: 5 arcsec)

Annotations :
Annotations allow a user to add a note or report an error concerning the astronomical object and its data. It requires registration to post a note. See description .
Please, have a look at Best practices. The list of all annotations to SIMBAD objects can be found here .

The annotation server is currently not available. Sorry for any inconvenience

To bookmark this query, right click on this link: simbad:objects in 2025MNRAS.543.3055L and select 'bookmark this link' or equivalent in the popup menu