2025RAA....25f5015Y

Query : 2025RAA....25f5015Y

2025RAA....25f5015Y - Research in Astron. and astroph., 25, part no 6, 5015 (2025/June-0)

Test of Conformal Gravity as an Alternative to Dark Matter from the Observations of Elliptical Galaxies.

YUE L.-X. and CHEN D.-M.

Abstract (from CDS):

As an alternative gravitational theory to general relativity (GR), conformal gravity (CG) has recently been successfully verified by observations of type Ia supernovae (SN Ia) and the rotation curves of spiral galaxies. The observations of galaxies only pertain to the non-relativistic form of gravity. In this context, within the framework of the Newtonian theory of gravity (the non-relativistic form of GR), dark matter (DM) is postulated to account for the observations. On the other hand, the non-relativistic form of CG predicts an additional potential: besides the Newtonian potential, there is a so-called linear potential term, characterized by the parameter γ*, as an alternative to DM in Newtonian gravity. To test CG in its non-relativistic form, much work has been done by fitting the predictions to the observations of circular velocity (rotation curves) for spiral galaxies. In this paper, we test CG with the observations from elliptical galaxies. Instead of the circular velocities for spiral galaxies, we use the velocity dispersion for elliptical galaxies. By replacing the Newtonian potential with that predicted by the non-relativistic form of CG in the Hamiltonian, we directly extend the Jeans equation derived in Newtonian theory to that for CG. By comparing the results derived from the ellipticals with those from spirals, we find that the extra potential predicted by CG is not sufficient to account for the observations of ellipticals. Furthermore, we discover a strong correlation between γ* and the stellar mass M* in dwarf spheroidal galaxies. This finding implies that the variation in γ* violates a fundamental prediction of CG, which posits that γ* should be a universal constant.

Abstract Copyright: © 2025. National Astronomical Observatories, CAS and IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.

Journal keyword(s): gravitation - galaxies: dwarf - galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD - Galaxy: disk

Simbad objects: 190

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Number of rows : 190
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 MCG-03-01-015 G 00 01 57.9 -15 27 50   11.50 11.10 10.93   ~ 782 2
2 SDSS J000224.65+003206.5 G 00 02 24.6583354056 +00 32 06.569183508           ~ 2 0
3 SDSS J000431.75+160418.7 G 00 04 31.7454159744 +16 04 18.742044756           ~ 2 0
4 SLACS SDSS J0008-0004 gLS 00 08 02.953 -00 04 08.21           ~ 21 0
5 NAME Cetus Dwarf Galaxy G 00 26 10.8 -11 03 14     13.2     ~ 257 0
6 SLACS SDSS J0029-0055 gLS 00 29 07.7777644104 -00 55 50.581964100           ~ 31 0
7 SDSS J003241.18-103958.0 G 00 32 41.1947717232 -10 39 58.100786460           ~ 2 0
8 NGC 147 GiG 00 33 12.120 +48 30 31.46   12.0 9.5     ~ 720 1
9 NAME Andromeda III G 00 35 33.8 +36 29 52     14.4     ~ 309 0
10 SLACS SDSS J0037-0942 gLS 00 37 53.2145165976 -09 42 20.158898652           ~ 37 0
11 NGC 185 Sy2 00 38 57.9400026024 +48 20 15.035874648   9.10 9.2     ~ 840 1
12 M 110 GiG 00 40 22.0572349992 +41 41 07.507220136   8.92 8.07     ~ 1370 1
13 LEDA 93190 GiP 00 41 30.4346691480 -09 14 06.738120528   16.77 16.23 15.35   ~ 21 0
14 SLACS SDSS J0044+0113 gLS 00 44 02.900 +01 13 12.62           ~ 26 0
15 NAME Andromeda I G 00 45 39.8 +38 02 28   13.9 12.7     ~ 355 0
16 NAME Andromeda XI G 00 46 20.0 +33 48 05     17.5     ~ 130 0
17 NAME Andromeda XII G 00 47 27.0 +34 22 29     18.3     ~ 124 0
18 NAME Andromeda XIV G 00 51 35.0 +29 41 49     15.9     ~ 132 0
19 NAME Andromeda XIII G 00 51 51.0 +33 00 16     18.1     ~ 128 0
20 NAME Andromeda IX G 00 52 53.0 +43 11 45     16.3     ~ 176 1
21 NAME Pisces V G 00 59 29.8 +32 22 36     14.4     ~ 149 0
22 NAME Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy G 01 00 09.4 -33 42 32   9.79 8.6 8.81   ~ 1498 4
23 NAME Pisces I G 01 03 55.0 +21 53 06   16.18 14.3     ~ 404 0
24 NAME Andromeda X G 01 06 33.70 +44 48 15.8     16.6     ~ 125 1
25 NAME Andromeda XV G 01 14 18.7 +38 07 03     14.6     ~ 123 0
26 NAME Andromeda II G 01 16 29.8 +33 25 09     11.7     ~ 402 0
27 CAIRNS J012316.93+001744.0 GiC 01 23 16.9357575288 +00 17 43.938744252           ~ 7 0
28 SLACS SDSS J0157-0056 gLS 01 57 58.936 -00 56 26.05           ~ 21 0
29 SLACS SDSS J0216-0813 gLS 02 16 52.5460001904 -08 13 45.314813820           ~ 34 0
30 NAME Segue 2 G 02 19 16.0 +20 10 31     15.2     ~ 299 0
31 MCG-06-07-001 G 02 39 59.3 -34 26 57   9.02 7.4     ~ 1894 1
32 SLACS SDSS J0252+0039 gLS 02 52 45.216 +00 39 58.35           ~ 34 0
33 SLACS SDSS J0330-0020 gLS 03 30 12.134 -00 20 51.88           ~ 30 0
34 SDSS J035212.98-055140.0 G 03 52 12.9833127312 -05 51 40.083318216           ~ 3 0
35 ESO 206-20A G 06 41 36.7 -50 57 58   22.14 11.0 19.47   ~ 1190 0
36 SLACS SDSS J0728+3835 gLS 07 28 04.9631379864 +38 35 25.756747800           ~ 27 0
37 SLACS SDSS J0737+3216 gLS 07 37 28.4499521544 +32 16 18.593106384           ~ 35 0
38 SDSS J080651.62+192759.1 G 08 06 51.6224908344 +19 27 59.198231556           ~ 2 0
39 SDSSCGB 61190.1 G 08 06 54.3526638000 +20 45 44.522409240           ~ 3 0
40 4C 38.23 rG 08 15 12.3407748720 +38 40 45.364671372   18.5       ~ 39 1
41 SLACS SDSS J0819+4534 gLS 08 19 31.9374253824 +45 34 44.839333092           ~ 12 0
42 2MASX J08221658+4815186 G 08 22 16.5799831920 +48 15 19.134475056           ~ 10 0
43 SLACS SDSS J0822+2652 gLS 08 22 42.3193867872 +26 52 43.558122108           ~ 23 0
44 LEDA 1704751 G 08 34 37.1455212984 +24 19 30.138449232           ~ 4 0
45 SDSSCGB 308.1 BiC 08 35 46.0312458216 +34 12 30.576350592           ~ 4 0
46 SLACS SDSS J0841+3824 gLS 08 41 28.806 +38 24 13.72           ~ 19 0
47 NAME UMa II Galaxy G 08 51 30.0 +63 07 48     13.3     ~ 410 0
48 SLACS SDSS J0903+4116 gLS 09 03 15.186 +41 16 09.14           ~ 22 0
49 SLACS SDSS J0912+0029 gLS 09 12 05.3091659568 +00 29 01.201406532           ~ 38 0
50 SDSS J091318.85+080658.0 G 09 13 18.8577959256 +08 06 58.006551960           ~ 2 0
51 NAME Leo T G 09 34 53.4 +17 03 05     15.1     ~ 434 0
52 SLACS SDSS J0935-0003 gLS 09 35 43.933 -00 03 34.78           ~ 24 0
53 SLACS SDSS J0936+0913 gLS 09 36 00.7627327104 +09 13 35.796432648           ~ 27 0
54 SLACS SDSS J0946+1006 gLS 09 46 56.6809160256 +10 06 52.903093212           ~ 70 0
55 SLACS SDSS J0955+0101 gLS 09 55 19.7243572848 +01 01 44.412851064           ~ 18 0
56 SDSS J095532.65+042219.8 G 09 55 32.6534943312 +04 22 19.843678020           ~ 3 0
57 2MASS J09562682+2357509 Sy1 09 56 26.8172796696 +23 57 50.879545596           ~ 9 0
58 SLACS SDSS J0956+5100 gLS 09 56 29.7839946192 +51 00 06.309257544           ~ 31 0
59 SLACS SDSS J0959+4416 gLS 09 59 00.9597808416 +44 16 39.363624948           ~ 24 0
60 Z 153-10 G 09 59 26.46 +30 44 47.0 14.08 13.54 13.26 13.33   ~ 652 0
61 SLACS SDSS J0959+0410 gLS 09 59 44.0693722248 +04 10 17.036993460           ~ 34 0
62 NAME Segue 1 G 10 07 03.2 +16 04 25     15.3     ~ 517 1
63 Z 64-73 G 10 08 28.12 +12 18 23.4   11.3 10.0     ~ 1284 1
64 NAME Sextans dSph LSB 10 13 02.9 -01 36 53   12 10.4     ~ 921 0
65 SLACS SDSS J1016+3859 gLS 10 16 22.866 +38 59 03.31           ~ 21 0
66 SLACS SDSS J1020+1122 gLS 10 20 26.5415111280 +11 22 41.148499440           ~ 23 0
67 SLACS SDSS J1023+4230 gLS 10 23 32.246 +42 30 01.85           ~ 26 0
68 2MASX J10251665+4018548 LIN 10 25 16.6764156456 +40 18 55.197794520           ~ 9 0
69 SLACS SDSS J1029+0420 gLS 10 29 22.9396530720 +04 20 01.877000352           ~ 21 0
70 LEDA 2101465 G 10 32 05.3695763640 +37 28 08.167559844           ~ 3 0
71 SLACS SDSS J1032+5322 gLS 10 32 35.846 +53 22 34.63           ~ 15 0
72 NAME UMa I Galaxy G 10 34 52.80 +51 55 12.0     14.4     ~ 355 1
73 DES J104047.01+395551.8 rG 10 40 47.0142122568 +39 55 51.836229696           ~ 7 0
74 2dFGRS TGN363Z272 G 10 41 12.5350381872 +00 13 42.568226508   19.283   17.598   ~ 3 0
75 NAME Willman 1 G 10 49 21.0 +51 03 00     15.2     ~ 345 0
76 SDSS J105003.11+114908.3 G 10 50 03.1115726976 +11 49 08.353763004           ~ 2 0
77 SDSS J105603.78+015953.8 G 10 56 03.7895483640 +01 59 53.821372092   19.049   17.520   ~ 4 0
78 SLACS SDSS J1100+5329 gLS 11 00 24.3792970464 +53 29 13.650213084           ~ 20 0
79 SLACS SDSS J1103+5322 gLS 11 03 08.2139063784 +53 22 27.965691444           ~ 17 0
80 SLACS SDSS J1106+5228 gLS 11 06 46.1526567000 +52 28 37.558303572           ~ 18 0
81 SDSS J110705.69+131905.3 G 11 07 05.6899957560 +13 19 05.408973084           ~ 2 0
82 SDSS J111052.92+664710.4 G 11 10 52.9298183496 +66 47 10.432783788           ~ 2 0
83 SLACS SDSS J1112+0826 gLS 11 12 50.5973077920 +08 26 10.390761636           ~ 26 0
84 Z 126-111 G 11 13 28.13 +22 09 10.1   12.9 12.0     ~ 899 0
85 NAME Leo V LSB 11 31 09.60 +02 13 12.0     16.0     ~ 234 0
86 NAME Leo IV LSB 11 32 57.0 -00 32 00     15.1     ~ 419 1
87 SLACS SDSS J1134+6027 gLS 11 34 05.902 +60 27 13.12           ~ 19 0
88 SLACS SDSS J1142+1001 gLS 11 42 57.3434567928 +10 01 11.873971128           ~ 26 0
89 SLACS SDSS J1143-0144 gLS 11 43 29.6380595424 -01 44 29.975242920           ~ 36 0
90 SLACS SDSS J1153+4612 gLS 11 53 10.788 +46 12 05.25           ~ 22 0
91 SDSS J115449.46+262556.4 G 11 54 49.4636081616 +26 25 56.444100240           ~ 2 0
92 SDSS J120100.67+121303.0 G 12 01 00.6762551832 +12 13 03.086870016           ~ 3 0
93 SLACS SDSS J1204+0358 gLS 12 04 44.070 +03 58 06.40           ~ 30 0
94 LEDA 2317105 G 12 05 14.1863088840 +48 25 17.844081240           ~ 4 0
95 SLACS SDSS J1205+4910 gLS 12 05 40.4104279800 +49 10 29.282662668           ~ 30 0
96 LEDA 1695309 G 12 07 11.6477600520 +23 52 27.922891800           ~ 4 0
97 SDSS J120951.59+200312.6 G 12 09 51.5921962752 +20 03 12.680787492           ~ 2 0
98 SLACS SDSS J1213+6708 gLS 12 13 40.5915613824 +67 08 28.748297688           ~ 29 0
99 SDSS J121607.29+210821.6 G 12 16 07.2957535800 +21 08 21.624510948           ~ 2 0
100 SLACS SDSS J1218+0830 gLS 12 18 26.6928096936 +08 30 50.352059628           ~ 24 0
101 SDSS J121921.59+633208.8 G 12 19 21.5981415816 +63 32 08.775654756           ~ 3 0
102 2MASX J12203574+2917594 BiC 12 20 35.7545210448 +29 17 59.275240944     16.82     ~ 10 0
103 NAME Coma Dwarf Galaxy G 12 26 59.0 +23 54 15     14.1     ~ 482 1
104 SDSS J123045.21+514221.4 G 12 30 45.2082549312 +51 42 21.440905128           ~ 2 0
105 2MASX J12395210+2109100 G 12 39 52.0824433968 +21 09 10.459908540           ~ 3 0
106 SDSS J124454.80+361101.8 G 12 44 54.8073243768 +36 11 01.789225044           ~ 2 0
107 SLACS SDSS J1250+0523 gLS 12 50 28.2624714720 +05 23 49.075233504           ~ 35 0
108 SLACS SDSS J1251-0208 gLS 12 51 35.7039955512 -02 08 05.139169080           ~ 11 0
109 SDSS J125411.36+504901.3 GiC 12 54 11.3726404968 +50 49 01.333944912           ~ 5 0
110 2MASX J12570530+2858528 GiC 12 57 05.3187208920 +28 58 52.965187464     15.90     ~ 12 0
111 SDSS J125709.13+204823.2 G 12 57 09.1353215184 +20 48 23.224803408           ~ 5 0
112 NAME CVn II dSph G 12 57 09.6 +34 19 12     16.1     ~ 287 2
113 SLACS SDSS J1306+0600 gLS 13 06 13 +06 00.4           ~ 13 0
114 SLACS SDSS J1313+4615 gLS 13 13 02.9194966152 +46 15 13.602497616           ~ 9 0
115 SDSS J131759.74+433650.9 G 13 17 59.7366040752 +43 36 50.849804592           ~ 2 0
116 SLACS SDSS J1318-0313 gLS 13 18 39.3260056512 -03 13 34.304732220           ~ 8 0
117 NAME CVn I dSph G 13 28 03.5 +33 33 21     13.1     ~ 352 1
118 SLACS SDSS J1330-0148 gLS 13 30 45.5278367400 -01 48 41.586194484           ~ 13 0
119 NAME Bootes II G 13 58 00.0 +12 51 00     15.4     ~ 269 0
120 SDSS J135909.74+275700.3 G 13 59 09.7488942816 +27 57 00.366852060           ~ 4 0
121 NAME Bootes Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy G 14 00 00.0 +14 30 00     12.8     ~ 491 0
122 SDSS J140009.03+355701.2 G 14 00 09.0381533736 +35 57 01.194046632           ~ 2 0
123 SLACS SDSS J1402+6321 gLS 14 02 28.2190035864 +63 21 33.299741304           ~ 37 0
124 SLACS SDSS J1403+0006 gLS 14 03 29.4861895200 +00 06 41.390279208           ~ 19 0
125 SDSS J141601.11+355927.7 G 14 16 01.1135790672 +35 59 27.748955760           ~ 2 0
126 SLACS SDSS J1416+5136 gLS 14 16 22.3348382208 +51 36 30.313700244           ~ 21 0
127 Z 247-20 AGN 14 19 43.2275567784 +49 14 12.014867004   15.4       ~ 141 1
128 SLACS SDSS J1420+6019 gLS 14 20 15.8583744984 +60 19 14.601408852           ~ 24 0
129 SLACS SDSS J1430+4105 gLS 14 30 04.0885086048 +41 05 57.157489140           ~ 27 0
130 SDSS J143133.11+085520.9 G 14 31 33.1110635088 +08 55 21.013574664           ~ 2 0
131 SLACS SDSS J1432+6317 gLS 14 32 13.3247628144 +63 17 03.746269032           ~ 18 0
132 SDSS J143314.97+013019.1 G 14 33 14.9685485568 +01 30 19.145104200           ~ 6 0
133 SLACS SDSS J1436-0000 gLS 14 36 27.5360545368 -00 00 29.197197072           ~ 17 0
134 SDSS J143637.07+312339.5 G 14 36 37.0798750824 +31 23 39.461697204           ~ 3 0
135 SLACS SDSS J1443+0304 gLS 14 43 19.6212254016 +03 04 08.320747908           ~ 18 0
136 SLACS SDSS J1451-0239 gLS 14 51 28.1924331144 -02 39 36.467229672           ~ 25 0
137 SDSS J145217.61+222913.6 G 14 52 17.6175524208 +22 29 13.636517820           ~ 3 0
138 SDSS J145233.30+223533.6 G 14 52 33.3013264752 +22 35 33.606418056           ~ 2 0
139 LEDA 1463079 G 15 02 12.8745784056 +14 38 03.611236560           ~ 3 0
140 SDSS J150340.60+171411.9 G 15 03 40.6019409120 +17 14 11.959068480           ~ 2 0
141 SDSS J150430.88+063936.5 G 15 04 30.8798623224 +06 39 36.500916456           ~ 2 0
142 LEDA 1890970 G 15 05 08.5590634104 +30 07 06.199578012           ~ 4 0
143 Z 318-18 G 15 09 08.0 +67 13 21   13.60 10.6     ~ 1459 0
144 SDSS J150913.80+162559.7 G 15 09 13.8051670344 +16 25 59.802361140           ~ 3 0
145 SDSS J151153.14+141555.0 G 15 11 53.1386290968 +14 15 55.084862808           ~ 2 0
146 2MASX J15174176-0042175 GiC 15 17 41.7638370624 -00 42 17.576281620           ~ 22 0
147 SLACS SDSS J1525+3327 gLS 15 25 06.6894313536 +33 27 47.405874348           ~ 26 0
148 SDSS J152811.97+120750.4 G 15 28 11.9769190152 +12 07 50.413378116           ~ 2 0
149 SLACS SDSS J1531-0105 gLS 15 31 50.0734316016 -01 05 45.731314896           ~ 26 0
150 SLACS SDSS J1538+5817 gLS 15 38 12.933 +58 17 09.60           ~ 26 0
151 SDSS J154220.18+044559.9 G 15 42 20.1917877840 +04 45 59.926021776           ~ 2 0
152 SDSS J154713.73-000831.9 G 15 47 13.7356256400 -00 08 31.915473828           ~ 4 0
153 SDSS J154717.95+331038.1 G 15 47 17.9562599568 +33 10 38.074878696           ~ 4 0
154 SDSS J155454.67+252808.7 G 15 54 54.6742721424 +25 28 08.733032580           ~ 2 0
155 DES J155816.65+271412.2 GiC 15 58 16.6559926584 +27 14 12.219682020           ~ 8 0
156 SDSS J160050.21+291210.0 G 16 00 50.2140523776 +29 12 10.088080668           ~ 2 0
157 LEDA 1542270 G 16 13 12.9975061464 +17 48 28.684428264           ~ 17 0
158 SDSS J161348.81+410621.1 G 16 13 48.8220177504 +41 06 21.126753360           ~ 4 0
159 SLACS SDSS J1614+4522 gLS 16 14 37.7395990824 +45 22 53.329065672           ~ 10 0
160 SLACS SDSS J1621+3931 gLS 16 21 32.9890412808 +39 31 44.656966560           ~ 24 0
161 LEDA 3387758 GiC 16 22 25.1845498944 +44 47 08.328979968           ~ 4 0
162 SDSS J162230.11+092349.1 G 16 22 30.1143395280 +09 23 49.110522540           ~ 2 0
163 2MASX J16232497+2805277 G 16 23 25.0134844320 +28 05 27.492350928           ~ 3 0
164 SLACS SDSS J1627-0053 gLS 16 27 46.4442031920 -00 53 57.542699832           ~ 40 0
165 SLACS SDSS J1630+4520 gLS 16 30 28.1580942120 +45 20 36.241137780           ~ 36 0
166 NAME Hercules Dwarf Galaxy G 16 31 02.0 +12 47 30     14.0     ~ 379 1
167 SDSS J163138.81+461605.8 G 16 31 38.8165520088 +46 16 05.782092132           ~ 2 0
168 SDSS J163318.89+470738.8 G 16 33 18.8911732488 +47 07 38.754167520           ~ 3 0
169 SLACS SDSS J1636+4707 gLS 16 36 02.6130404232 +47 07 29.420299632           ~ 23 0
170 SLACS SDSS J1644+2625 gLS 16 44 43.0904382936 +26 25 25.475888640           ~ 8 0
171 LEDA 3130158 G 16 58 02.8717992072 +41 50 16.054284624           ~ 5 0
172 SDSS J170541.78+332840.3 G 17 05 41.7875502792 +33 28 40.416326796           ~ 4 0
173 SLACS SDSS J1719+2939 gLS 17 19 34.1602144560 +29 39 26.296367436           ~ 8 0
174 Z 300-12 G 17 20 14.335 +57 55 16.39   12.40 10.6     ~ 1428 1
175 NAME SDG G 18 55 19.0 -30 32 43   4.5 3.6     ~ 2438 2
176 6dFGS gJ214923.8-084031 LIN 21 49 23.7932823552 -08 40 30.590741064   18.47   17.11   ~ 14 0
177 SDSS J220706.06+120245.2 G 22 07 06.0670977624 +12 02 45.255671772           ~ 2 0
178 LEDA 1144132 G 22 32 18.8143733328 -00 24 21.262197384           ~ 4 0
179 SLACS SDSS J2238-0754 gLS 22 38 40.2024029760 -07 54 56.006014176           ~ 31 0
180 SDSS J224144.95-004840.7 G 22 41 44.9595124176 -00 48 40.667460516           ~ 3 0
181 NAME Tuc Galaxy G 22 41 49.6 -64 25 10   15.7 15.2     ~ 324 0
182 SLACS SDSS J2300+0022 gLS 23 00 53.1509681304 +00 22 37.970088744           ~ 36 0
183 SLACS SDSS J2303+1422 gLS 23 03 21.7279540536 +14 22 17.928240960           ~ 36 0
184 SLACS SDSS J2321-0939 gLS 23 21 20.9352730488 -09 39 10.318081968           ~ 22 0
185 NAME Andromeda VII GiG 23 26 31.0 +50 40 33   13.6 11.8     ~ 222 1
186 LEDA 1182897 GiC 23 35 28.0476275544 +01 02 48.186749688           ~ 7 0
187 SDSS J233639.49+154919.9 G 23 36 39.4947189696 +15 49 19.943264820           ~ 2 0
188 SLACS SDSS J2341+0000 gLS 23 41 11.5699317864 +00 00 18.659748204           ~ 24 0
189 SLACS SDSS J2347-0005 gLS 23 47 28.082 -00 05 21.23           ~ 15 0
190 NAME Local Group GrG ~ ~           ~ 9325 0

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