2025RAA....25g5007H

Query : 2025RAA....25g5007H

2025RAA....25g5007H - Research in Astron. and astroph., 25, part no 7, 5007 (2025/July-0)

Determining the Observational Epoch of Shi's Star Catalog Using the Generalized Hough Transform Method.

HE B. and ZHAO Y.

Abstract (from CDS):

Ancient stellar observations are a valuable cultural heritage, profoundly influencing both cultural domains and modern astronomical research. Shi's Star Catalog (石氏星经), the oldest extant star catalog in China, faces controversy regarding its observational epoch. Determining this epoch via precession assumes accurate ancient coordinates and correspondence with contemporary stars, posing significant challenges. This study introduces a novel method using the Generalized Hough Transform to ascertain the catalog's observational epoch. This approach statistically accommodates errors in ancient coordinates and discrepancies between ancient and modern stars, addressing limitations in prior methods. Our findings date Shi's Star Catalog to the 4th century BCE, with 2nd-century CE adjustments. In comparison, the Western tradition's oldest known catalog, the Ptolemaic Star Catalog (2nd century CE), likely derives from the Hipparchus Star Catalog (2nd century BCE). Thus, Shi's Star Catalog is identified as the world's oldest known star catalog. Beyond establishing its observation period, this study aims to consolidate and digitize these cultural artifacts.

Abstract Copyright: © 2025. National Astronomical Observatories, CAS and IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.

Journal keyword(s): history and philosophy of astronomy - catalogs - methods: data analysis

Simbad objects: 119

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Number of rows : 119
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 NAME NCP reg 00 00 00 +90 00.0           ~ 216 0
2 * bet Cas dS* 00 09 10.68518 +59 08 59.2120 2.73 2.61 2.27 1.97 1.77 F2III 551 0
3 * gam Peg bC* 00 13 14.1523490172 +15 11 00.954346538 1.75 2.61 2.84 2.94 3.13 B2IV 720 0
4 * bet Cet PM* 00 43 35.37090 -17 59 11.7827 3.90 3.02 2.01 1.29 0.78 G9.5IIICH-1 543 1
5 * zet And El* 00 47 20.3257188471 +24 16 01.842781713 6.05 5.18 4.06 3.21 2.62 K1III+KV 299 0
6 * ups01 Cas PM* 00 55 00.1557027792 +58 58 21.717145956   6.042 4.820     K2III 110 0
7 * eta Cet HB* 01 08 35.3913324413 -10 10 56.151936084 5.80 4.61 3.45 2.61 2.03 K2-IIIb 239 0
8 * phi Cas s*y 01 20 04.9164665856 +58 13 53.807643876 6.15 5.66 4.98 4.34 3.78 F0Ia 285 0
9 * bet Ari SB* 01 54 38.41099 +20 48 28.9133 2.88 2.78 2.65 2.51 2.43 kA4hA5mA5Va 426 1
10 * gam01 And * 02 03 53.95229 +42 19 47.0223 4.22 3.30 2.10 1.16 0.47 K2+IIb 352 0
11 * i Per sg* 02 22 21.4343107056 +55 50 44.350353276 5.43 5.54 5.17 4.79 4.47 A1Ia 201 0
12 * alf UMi cC* 02 31 49.09456 +89 15 50.7923 3.00 2.62 2.02 1.53 1.22 F8Ib 716 2
13 * 35 Ari SB* 02 43 27.1142794560 +27 42 25.737873444 3.91 4.54 4.67 4.69 4.82 B3V 183 0
14 * eta Per * 02 50 41.8099734665 +55 53 43.779721818 7.38 5.48 3.79 2.56 1.67 K3-Ib-IIa 226 0
15 * alf Cet LP? 03 02 16.77307 +04 05 23.0596 6.10 4.17 2.53 1.18 0.02 M1.5IIIa 480 1
16 * omi Tau SB* 03 24 48.7983185016 +09 01 43.930632036 5.090 4.490 3.600 2.92 2.47 G6III 237 0
17 * 17 Tau Be* 03 44 52.5370897890 +24 06 48.016260072 3.19 3.59 3.70 3.71 3.80 B6IIIe 415 1
18 * nu. Per * 03 45 11.6327358410 +42 34 42.709540671 4.50 4.22 3.80 3.40 3.13 F4II 136 0
19 * gam Eri LP? 03 58 01.7658213057 -13 30 30.653301544 6.52 4.54 2.94 1.68 0.68 M0III-IIIb 200 0
20 * eps Tau ** 04 28 37.0002551195 +19 10 49.563140930 5.42 4.54 3.53     G9.5IIICN0.5 628 1
21 * pi.05 Ori SB* 04 54 15.0970445784 +02 26 26.417970456 2.72 3.54 3.73 3.79 3.99 B2III 225 0
22 * iot Aur V* 04 56 59.6200224533 +33 09 57.937579478 6.00 4.22 2.69 1.63 0.81 K3II-III 288 0
23 * eps Lep PM* 05 05 27.6644072506 -22 22 15.724153311 6.41 4.64 3.18 2.08 1.27 K4III 169 0
24 * bet Eri PM* 05 07 50.9748851089 -05 05 11.389142292 3.02 2.92 2.79 2.65 2.57 A3IV 231 0
25 * bet Lep PM* 05 28 14.7228880318 -20 45 33.997988694 4.13 3.66 2.84 2.19 1.75 G5II-IIIa: 254 0
26 * del Ori ** 05 32 00.40009 -00 17 56.7424 0.96 2.02 2.41 2.32 2.54 O9.5IINwk 796 0
27 * phi01 Ori Y*O 05 34 49.2376273598 +09 29 22.510380606 3.29 4.26 4.41 4.42 4.59 B0.2IV 272 0
28 * zet Tau Be* 05 37 38.6854231 +21 08 33.158804 2.22 2.84 3.03 3.06 3.15 B1IVe_shell 751 0
29 * nu.02 Col PM* 05 37 44.6176295592 -28 41 22.884909396   5.77 5.31     F5V 110 0
30 * 17 Lep Sy* 06 04 59.1294521328 -16 29 03.969238632 5.29 5.17 4.93     A3+K/M 224 0
31 * bet CMa bC* 06 22 41.9853527 -17 57 21.307352 0.77 1.73 1.97 2.11 2.35 B1II-III 748 0
32 * mu. Gem LP* 06 22 57.62686 +22 30 48.8979 6.37 4.51 2.87 1.30 -0.08 M3IIIab 392 1
33 * alf Car * 06 23 57.10988 -52 41 44.3810 -0.49 -0.59 -0.74 -0.96 -1.13 A9II 461 1
34 * alf CMa SB* 06 45 08.91728 -16 42 58.0171 -1.51 -1.46 -1.46 -1.46 -1.43 A0mA1Va 1610 0
35 * kap CMa Be* 06 49 50.4591124672 -32 30 30.523820933 2.73 3.68 3.89 3.91 4.05 B1.5Ve 298 0
36 * tet Gem PM* 06 52 47.3388625619 +33 57 40.524337771 3.84 3.70 3.60 3.50 3.42 A2IV 144 0
37 * bet CMi Be* 07 27 09.0417373 +08 17 21.536745 2.52 2.80 2.89 2.90 2.96 B8Ve 400 0
38 * 68 Gem ** 07 33 36.4828630437 +15 49 35.992238287   5.310 5.263     A1Vp 83 0
39 * omi Gem PM* 07 39 09.9346623336 +34 35 03.502791096 5.41 5.30 4.90 4.51 4.29 F5-6IV 113 0
40 * phi Gem * 07 53 29.8081586208 +26 45 56.813063004   5.060 4.963     A5IV 93 0
41 * omi UMa PM* 08 30 15.8701566400 +60 43 05.405606188 4.79 4.27 3.42 2.76 2.31 G5III: 271 1
42 * tet Cnc PM* 08 31 35.7299602200 +18 05 39.905422656   6.908 5.337     K5III 70 0
43 * del Hya ** 08 37 39.3674727912 +05 42 13.635944028   4.144 4.131   4.12 A0Vnn 137 0
44 * del01 Vel ** 08 44 42.226383 -54 42 31.75567           A2IV+A4V 214 0
45 * iot UMa ** 08 59 12.45362 +48 02 30.5741 3.40 3.33 3.14 2.92 2.85 A6 307 0
46 * alf Hya * 09 27 35.24270 -08 39 30.9583 5.14 3.42 1.97 0.93 0.16 K3IIIa 455 1
47 * ups01 Hya * 09 51 28.6749789221 -14 50 47.863368049 5.68 5.03 4.11 3.42 2.95 G7III 166 0
48 * alf Leo PM* 10 08 22.31099 +11 58 01.9516 0.88 1.24 1.40 1.37 1.47 B8IVn 891 1
49 * l Leo * 10 49 15.4303562232 +10 32 42.718489512   5.338 5.312     A2V 82 0
50 * 44 UMa PM* 10 53 34.4520785448 +54 35 06.458632728   6.451 5.111     K3III 125 0
51 * alf Crt PM* 10 59 46.4651557828 -18 17 55.630394216 6.14 5.16 4.07 3.27 2.72 K0IIIb 224 0
52 * alf UMa ** 11 03 43.67152 +61 45 03.7249 3.78 2.86 1.79 0.98 0.40 G9III+A7.5 448 0
53 * psi UMa PM* 11 09 39.8082958358 +44 29 54.555917043 5.27 4.15 3.01 2.18 1.61 K1III 294 0
54 * 61 UMa PM* 11 41 03.0162706212 +34 12 05.881605449 6.31 6.08 5.34 4.73 4.38 G8V 654 0
55 * ksi Vir PM* 11 45 17.0398282505 +08 15 29.209697989   5.003 4.842   4.67 A4V 104 0
56 * chi UMa PM* 11 46 03.0140687528 +47 46 45.855272276 6.06 4.90 3.72 2.84 2.24 K0.5IIIb: 228 0
57 * bet Leo dS* 11 49 03.57834 +14 34 19.4090 2.30 2.22 2.13 2.08 2.06 A3Va 605 1
58 * bet Vir PM* 11 50 41.7185158616 +01 45 53.001539131 4.26 4.15 3.60 3.13 2.85 F9V 973 0
59 * del Cru Pu* 12 15 08.7184790676 -58 44 56.126676618 1.63 2.568 2.752     B2IV 223 1
60 * gam Crv PM* 12 15 48.37081 -17 32 30.9496 2.12 2.47 2.58 2.62 2.71 B8III 249 1
61 * kap Dra Be* 12 33 28.9433168544 +69 47 17.659892220 3.18 3.75 3.89 3.84 3.92 B6IIIe 395 0
62 * 7 Dra * 12 47 34.3433900208 +66 47 25.095345792   7.002 5.423     K5III 43 0
63 * 8 Dra gD* 12 55 28.5485641728 +65 26 18.507128532   5.516 5.225     F3IV 100 0
64 * alf02 CVn a2* 12 56 01.6655889007 +38 19 06.155170512 2.44 2.76 2.88 2.98 3.05 A0VpSiEu 707 0
65 * ksi02 Cen SB* 13 06 54.6394033029 -49 54 22.487112422 3.29 4.08 4.27     B3V 150 0
66 * gam Hya SB* 13 18 55.2976891983 -23 10 17.450424894 4.58 3.92 3.00 2.40 1.93 G8IIIa 192 0
67 * alf Vir bC* 13 25 11.57937 -11 09 40.7501 -0.20 0.74 0.97 1.06 1.30 B1V 877 1
68 * eta Boo SB* 13 54 41.07892 +18 23 51.7946 3.440 3.250 2.680 2.24 1.95 G0IV 733 0
69 * kap Vir PM* 14 12 53.7448526298 -10 16 25.332461336 7.00 5.53 4.21 3.14 2.39 K2.5IIIFe-0.5 149 0
70 * kap02 Boo dS* 14 13 29.0076791664 +51 47 23.882850456   4.70 4.50     A7IV 166 0
71 * alf Boo RG* 14 15 39.67207 +19 10 56.6730 2.46 1.18 -0.05 -1.03 -1.68 K1.5IIIFe-0.5 2417 1
72 * lam Boo dS* 14 16 23.0184083839 +46 05 17.895459693 4.31 4.26 4.18 4.16 4.13 A0Va_lB 362 0
73 * rho Boo PM* 14 31 49.7893292450 +30 22 17.171652275 6.33 4.89 3.59 2.67 2.02 K3-III 270 0
74 * gam Boo dS* 14 32 04.6716795181 +38 18 29.693088076 3.33 3.21 3.02 2.88 2.80 A7IV+(n) 267 0
75 * c01 Cen PM* 14 43 39.4375747161 -35 10 25.206876063   5.41 4.04     K3IIIb 78 0
76 * alf02 Lib SB* 14 50 52.71309 -16 02 30.3955 2.99 2.90 2.75 2.61 2.57 kA2hA5mA4IV-V 231 0
77 * bet Boo PM* 15 01 56.7623044453 +40 23 26.046853660 5.21 4.47 3.52 2.85 2.37 G8IIIaFe-0.5 267 0
78 * bet CrB a2* 15 27 49.7540595700 +29 06 20.494640434 4.08 3.97 3.68 3.50 3.45 F2VpSrCrEuSi 703 0
79 * pi. Sco SB* 15 58 51.1132378 -26 06 50.788602 1.82 2.71 2.91 3.00 3.20 B1V+B2:V: 415 0
80 * eta Lup bC? 16 00 07.3279160436 -38 23 48.138224969 2.36 3.19 3.41     B2.5IV 186 0
81 * sig Sco bC* 16 21 11.3157134 -25 35 34.051476 2.32 3.02 2.89 1.69 1.58 B1III+B1:V 898 0
82 * ksi CrB ** 16 22 05.8238662920 +30 53 31.185448080   5.833 4.849     G9IIIFe-0.5 136 0
83 * psi Oph PM* 16 24 06.1777460190 -20 02 14.352188619 6.37 5.53 4.50 3.72 3.22 K0-II-III 91 0
84 * zet Oph Be* 16 37 09.5400587698 -10 34 01.509742704 1.73 2.58 2.56 2.46 2.50 O9.2IVnn 1908 0
85 * mu.01 Sco Be* 16 51 52.2283548696 -38 02 50.638070400 1.98 2.82 2.98     B1V+B 305 0
86 * kap Oph LP? 16 57 40.0975028128 +09 22 30.104472450 5.52 4.36 3.20 2.36 1.82 K2III 314 0
87 * 60 Her PM* 17 05 22.6904232168 +12 44 26.975378148   5.001 4.871     A3V 134 0
88 * alf Her ** 17 14 38.85818 +14 23 25.2262           M5Ib-II+G5III+F2V: 209 0
89 * pi. Her V* 17 15 02.8342463677 +36 48 32.981576254 6.28 4.61 3.18 2.22 1.49 K3II 256 0
90 * tet Oph bC* 17 22 00.5793468 -24 59 58.366974 2.18 3.03 3.26 3.38 3.58 OB 350 0
91 * alf Ara Be* 17 31 50.4915282 -49 52 34.122041 2.09 2.78 2.95 3.05 3.29 B2Vne 269 0
92 * alf Oph ** 17 34 56.06945 +12 33 36.1346 2.32 2.22 2.07 1.93 1.85 A5IVnn 495 0
93 * iot Her bC* 17 39 27.8868980278 +46 00 22.792978043 2.940 3.630 3.800     B3IV 470 1
94 * gam Oph PM* 17 47 53.5605898827 +02 42 26.204838837 3.83 3.80 3.75 3.71 3.71 A1VnkA0mA0 411 0
95 * G Sco * 17 49 51.4808976914 -37 02 35.794961894 5.57 4.38 3.21     K2III 88 0
96 HD 162587 ** 17 53 23.47133 -34 53 42.4372           K3III 56 0
97 * 68 Oph ** 18 01 45.1974936313 +01 18 18.306278873   4.453 4.429     A0.5Van 153 0
98 * gam02 Sgr PM* 18 05 48.4880988 -30 25 26.723458 4.77 4.00 2.99 2.26 1.75 K0+III 158 0
99 * 71 Oph * 18 07 18.3593981592 +08 44 01.922061912   5.592 4.640     G8III 182 0
100 * alf Tel PM* 18 26 58.4164240310 -45 58 06.447916980 2.7 3.299 3.463     B3IV 146 0
101 * alf Lyr dS* 18 36 56.33635 +38 47 01.2802 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.10 A0V 2787 1
102 * phi Sgr PM* 18 45 39.3895425891 -26 59 26.817522401 2.69 3.050 3.140     B8III 130 0
103 * 5 Aql A SB* 18 46 28.5938261544 -00 57 42.092897652 6.15 6.03 5.90     kA3hA5VmA6 84 0
104 * mu. CrA * 18 47 44.6177345928 -40 24 22.197417912   5.984 5.217     G5/6III 40 0
105 * ksi02 Sgr * 18 57 43.8001892867 -21 06 23.967339435 5.82 4.69 3.51 2.71 2.12 G8/K0II/III 123 0
106 * del Cyg PM* 19 44 58.4769226339 +45 07 50.932673095 2.75 2.85 2.87 2.88 2.90 B9.5IV 303 0
107 * alf Aql dS* 19 50 46.99855 +08 52 05.9563 1.07 0.98 0.76 0.62 0.49 A7Vn 919 1
108 * iot Sgr PM* 19 55 15.6947540258 -41 52 05.896040754 6.11 5.21 4.13     K0II/III 93 0
109 * bet01 Cap SB* 20 21 00.6665981712 -14 46 53.067367488 4.14 3.87 3.08 2.53 2.03 G9II:+B8p:Si: 192 0
110 * bet Del ** 20 37 32.94130 +14 35 42.3195 4.16 4.07 3.63 3.23 2.99 F5IV 285 0
111 * l Aql SB* 20 38 20.2844885280 -01 06 18.422101548 5.98 5.29 4.33 3.66 3.20 G7.5IIIa 104 0
112 * eps Aqr * 20 47 40.5495728200 -09 29 44.796936843 3.79 3.77 3.77 3.70 3.70 B9.5V 292 0
113 * bet Aqr * 21 31 33.5320760349 -05 34 16.229381029 4.27 3.71 2.89 2.29 1.84 G0Ib 463 0
114 * iot PsA SB* 21 44 56.8096691227 -33 01 32.814560067 4.18 4.29 4.34 4.35 4.38 A0IV 99 0
115 * alf Aqr * 22 05 47.0355458275 -00 19 11.463439527 4.65 3.90 2.94 2.27 1.76 G2Ib 451 0
116 * alf Lac PM* 22 31 17.5014213452 +50 16 56.969913082 3.78 3.78 3.77 3.77 3.80 A1V 270 0
117 * ups Aqr PM* 22 34 41.6357860992 -20 42 29.576916972   5.637 5.203     F7V 148 0
118 * alf PsA PM* 22 57 39.04625 -29 37 20.0533 1.31 1.25 1.16 1.11 1.09 A4V 1303 3
119 * alf Peg PM* 23 04 45.65345 +15 12 18.9617 2.38 2.44 2.48 2.47 2.50 A0IV 367 0

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