2026A&A...706A.130D


Query : 2026A&A...706A.130D

2026A&A...706A.130D - Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 706A130 (2026/2-1)

Globular clusters in ORBIT: Complete dynamical characterisation of the Milky Way globular cluster population through updated orbital reconstruction.

DE LEO M., ZOCCALI M., OLIVARES-CARVAJAL J., ACOSTA-TRIPAILAO B., GRAN F. and CONTRERAS-RAMOS R.

Abstract (from CDS):

Context. In hierarchical structure formation, the content of a galaxy is determined both by its in-situ processes and by material added via accretions. Globular clusters, in particular, represent a window into the study of the different merger events that a galaxy has undergone. Establishing the correct classification of in-situ and accreted tracers, and distinguishing the various progenitors that contributed to the accreted population are important tools to deepen our understanding of galactic formation and evolution.
Aims. This study aims to refine our knowledge of the Milky Way's assembly history by examining the dynamics of its globular cluster population and establishing an updated classification among in-situ objects and the different merger events identified.
Methods. We used a custom-built orbit integrator to derive precise orbital parameters, integrals of motions and adiabatic invariants for the globular cluster sample studied. By properly accounting for the rotating bar, which transforms the underlying model into a time-varying potential, we performed a complete dynamical characterisation of the globular clusters.
Results. We present a new catalogue of clear associations between globular clusters and structures (both in-situ and accreted) in the Milky Way, along with a full table of derived parameters. Using all available dynamical information, we attributed previously unassociated or misclassified globular clusters to different progenitors, including those responsible for the Aleph, Antaeus, Cetus, Elqui, and Typhon merger events.
Conclusions. Using a custom-built orbit integrator and properly accounting for the time-varying nature of the Milky Way potential, we demonstrate the depth of information that can be extracted from a purely dynamical analysis of the Galaxy's globular clusters. Merging our dynamical analysis with complementary chronochemical studies, will allow us to uncover the remaining secrets of the accretion history of the Milky Way.

Abstract Copyright: © The Authors 2026

Journal keyword(s): methods: numerical - celestial mechanics - Galaxy: formation - globular clusters: general - Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics - Galaxy: structure

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/A+A/706/A130): tablec1.dat>

Status at CDS : Tables of objects will be appraised for possible ingestion in SIMBAD.

Simbad objects: 180

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Number of rows : 180
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA
ICRS (J2000)
DEC
Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026
#notes
1 NGC 104 GlC 00 24 05.359 -72 04 53.20     4.09     ~ 4158 0
2 NAME Elqui Stream St* 00 43 -36.9           ~ 22 0
3 NGC 288 GlC 00 52 45.24 -26 34 57.4   10 8.13     ~ 1130 0
4 NGC 362 GlC 01 03 14.26 -70 50 55.6     6.58     ~ 1167 0
5 NAME Cetus-Palca Stream St* 01 31 +01.0           ~ 97 1
6 NAME Whiting 1 GlC 02 02 56.8 -03 15 10           ~ 177 0
7 NAME Sagittarius Stream St* 02 22 +00.0           ~ 1001 0
8 NGC 1261 GlC 03 12 16.21 -55 12 58.4     8.63     ~ 579 0
9 Cl Pal 1 GlC 03 33 20.04 +79 34 51.8   17.2       ~ 267 1
10 NAME Eridanus ClG GrG 03 38 32.00 -22 18 51.0           ~ 200 0
11 NAME E 1 GlC 03 55 02.5 -49 36 52           ~ 229 0
12 Cl Pal 2 GlC 04 46 05.79720 +31 22 51.0170           ~ 202 0
13 NGC 1851 GlC 05 14 06.76 -40 02 47.6           ~ 1529 0
14 M 79 GlC 05 24 10.59 -24 31 27.3     8.16     ~ 883 0
15 NGC 2298 GlC 06 48 59.41 -36 00 19.1     8.89     ~ 547 0
16 NGC 2419 GlC 07 38 08.51 +38 52 54.9     10.05     ~ 998 0
17 NAME Pyxis Cluster GlC 09 07 57.80 -37 13 17.0           ~ 123 0
18 NGC 2808 GlC 09 12 03.10 -64 51 48.6           ~ 1540 0
19 NAME E 3 GlC 09 20 57.07 -77 16 54.8           ~ 185 0
20 Patchick 122 Cl* 09 42 30.7 -52 25 41           ~ 6 0
21 NAME Sextans C GlC 10 05 30.96 +00 04 15.4   15.5 13.9     ~ 354 1
22 NGC 3201 GlC 10 17 36.82 -46 24 44.9           ~ 1001 0
23 ESO 93-8 GlC 11 19 41.9 -65 13 11           ~ 28 0
24 GCl 17 GlC 11 29 16.80 +28 58 25.0   14.4       ~ 379 1
25 NAME Crater Cluster GlC 11 36 16.20 -10 52 38.8           ~ 117 1
26 NGC 4147 GlC 12 10 06.149 +18 32 31.78   11.45 10.74     ~ 616 0
27 NGC 4372 GlC 12 25 45.43 -72 39 32.7   10.86 9.85     ~ 327 0
28 Cl Ruprecht 106 GlC 12 38 40.20 -51 09 01.0           ~ 413 0
29 M 68 GlC 12 39 27.98 -26 44 38.6     7.96     ~ 1069 0
30 Cl VDBH 140 OpC 12 53 17 -67 10.2           ~ 37 0
31 NGC 4833 GlC 12 59 33.92 -70 52 35.4           ~ 467 0
32 M 53 GlC 13 12 55.25 +18 10 05.4     7.79     ~ 907 0
33 NGC 5053 GlC 13 16 27.09 +17 42 00.9     9.96     ~ 675 0
34 NGC 5139 GlC 13 26 47.28 -47 28 46.1           ~ 3677 0
35 M 3 GlC 13 42 11.62 +28 22 38.2     6.39     ~ 2593 0
36 NGC 5286 GlC 13 46 26.81 -51 22 27.3           ~ 485 0
37 C 1353-269 GlC 13 56 21.702 -27 10 03.00           ~ 146 0
38 NGC 5466 GlC 14 05 27.29 +28 32 04.0     9.70     ~ 887 0
39 NGC 5634 GlC 14 29 37.28 -05 58 35.1   10.69 10.05     ~ 333 0
40 NGC 5694 GlC 14 39 36.52 -26 32 18.0           ~ 323 0
41 IC 4499 GlC 15 00 18.57 -82 12 49.6     8.56     ~ 375 0
42 NGC 5824 GlC 15 03 58.612 -33 04 06.70   10.28 9.56     ~ 441 0
43 Cl Pal 5 GlC 15 16 05.30 -00 06 41.0   15.1       ~ 797 1
44 NGC 5897 GlC 15 17 24.40 -21 00 36.4   10.16 8.52     ~ 424 0
45 M 5 GlC 15 18 33.22 +02 04 51.7     5.95     ~ 2095 0
46 NGC 5927 GlC 15 28 00.69 -50 40 22.9           ~ 499 0
47 NGC 5946 GlC 15 35 28.58 -50 39 35.0           ~ 210 0
48 NGC 5986 GlC 15 46 03.00 -37 47 11.1     6.92     ~ 408 0
49 GCl 38 GlC 16 10 59.00 +14 57 42.0           ~ 399 0
50 Cl Lynga 7 OpC 16 11 03.65 -55 19 04.0           ~ 129 0
51 M 80 GlC 16 17 02.41 -22 58 33.9           ~ 780 0
52 M 4 GlC 16 23 35.22 -26 31 32.7           ~ 1978 0
53 NGC 6101 GlC 16 25 48.12 -72 12 07.9           ~ 337 0
54 NGC 6155 EmG 16 26 08.3352615552 +48 22 00.410482092   13.20       ~ 125 1
55 NGC 6139 GlC 16 27 39.987 -38 50 57.03   11.03 9.68     ~ 231 0
56 ESO 390-6 GlC 16 28 40.10 -35 21 13.0     12.0     ~ 113 0
57 M 107 GlC 16 32 31.86 -13 03 13.6           ~ 835 0
58 ESO 452-11 GlC 16 39 25.50 -28 23 52.0           ~ 89 0
59 M 13 GlC 16 41 41.634 +36 27 40.75     5.8     ~ 2291 0
60 [KPS2012] MWSC 2452 Cl? 16 44 52 -58 51.6           ~ 6 0
61 NGC 6229 GlC 16 46 58.641 +47 31 36.38   9.38 9.86     ~ 397 0
62 M 12 GlC 16 47 14.18 -01 56 54.7     6.07     ~ 736 0
63 NAME 2MASS-GC03 GlC 16 52 10.602 -47 03 29.00           ~ 68 0
64 NGC 6235 GlC 16 53 25.36 -22 10 38.8   11.99 7.20     ~ 208 0
65 M 10 GlC 16 57 09.05 -04 06 01.1     4.98     ~ 857 0
66 NGC 6256 GlC 16 59 32.68 -37 07 17.1           ~ 182 0
67 GCl 50 GlC 16 59 51.1 -00 32 00   15.70       ~ 224 1
68 M 62 GlC 17 01 12.60 -30 06 44.5           ~ 668 0
69 M 19 GlC 17 02 37.69 -26 16 04.6   8.45 5.57     ~ 406 1
70 NGC 6284 GlC 17 04 28.747 -24 45 51.22   10.72 7.43     ~ 302 0
71 Gran 3 GlC 17 05 00.7 -35 29 41           ~ 19 0
72 NGC 6287 GlC 17 05 09.4906767360 -22 42 28.099250172   11.49 10.30     ~ 240 0
73 Patchick 126 Cl* 17 05 38.6 -47 20 32           ~ 10 0
74 NGC 6293 GlC 17 10 10.42 -26 34 54.2           ~ 309 0
75 Gran 2 GlC 17 11 34 -24 50.9           ~ 10 0
76 NGC 6304 GlC 17 14 32.25 -29 27 43.3           ~ 394 0
77 NGC 6316 GlC 17 16 37.42 -28 08 24.0   10.33 9.03     ~ 247 0
78 M 92 GlC 17 17 07.39 +43 08 09.4     6.52     ~ 2240 0
79 NGC 6325 GlC 17 17 59.27 -23 45 57.7           ~ 190 0
80 M 9 GlC 17 19 11.78 -18 30 58.5   9.36 8.42     ~ 348 0
81 NGC 6342 GlC 17 21 10.14 -19 35 14.7     10.01     ~ 310 0
82 NGC 6356 GlC 17 23 34.99 -17 48 46.9   10.01 7.42     ~ 372 1
83 NGC 6355 GlC 17 23 58.65 -26 21 12.3   12.46 11.05     ~ 183 0
84 NGC 6352 GlC 17 25 29.11 -48 25 19.8           ~ 425 0
85 IC 1257 Bz? 17 27 06.00 -07 05 00.0           ~ 110 0
86 ESO 454-29 GlC 17 27 33.24 -30 48 07.8           ~ 278 0
87 NGC 6366 GlC 17 27 44.24 -05 04 47.5           ~ 344 0
88 GCl 66.1 GlC 17 30 38.90 -31 35 44.0           ~ 139 0
89 ESO 455-11 GlC 17 31 05.20 -29 58 54.0           ~ 208 0
90 NAME Sequoia Cluster GlC 17 31 12.0 -39 48 30           ~ 154 0
91 NGC 6362 GlC 17 31 54.99 -67 02 54.0           ~ 637 0
92 Liller 1 Cl* 17 33 24.50 -33 23 20.0           ~ 311 0
93 NGC 6380 GlC 17 34 28.00 -39 04 09.0           ~ 175 0
94 ESO 455-23 GlC 17 35 47.80 -30 28 11.0           ~ 285 0
95 NAME Tonantzintla 2 GlC 17 36 10.500 -38 33 12.00           ~ 115 0
96 NGC 6388 GlC 17 36 17.461 -44 44 08.34           ~ 988 1
97 M 14 GlC 17 37 36.15 -03 14 45.3   9.55 5.73     ~ 420 0
98 NGC 6401 GlC 17 38 36.93 -23 54 31.5   11.31 10.71     ~ 203 0
99 NGC 6397 GlC 17 40 42.09 -53 40 27.6     5.17     ~ 2103 0
100 VVV CL002 GlC 17 41 06.30 -28 50 42.3           ~ 25 0
101 ESO 520-21 GlC 17 43 42.20 -26 13 21.0           ~ 211 0
102 NGC 6426 GlC 17 44 54.71 +03 10 12.5           ~ 244 0
103 NAME Galactic Center reg 17 45 39.60213 -29 00 22.0000           ~ 16269 0
104 NAME cl Djorgovski 1 GlC 17 47 28.30 -33 03 56.0           ~ 97 0
105 NGC 6440 GlC 17 48 52.67 -20 21 34.5           ~ 592 0
106 Gran 5 GlC 17 48 55 -24 10.2           ~ 12 0
107 NGC 6441 GlC 17 50 13.06 -37 03 05.2           ~ 940 0
108 Cl Terzan 6 GlC 17 50 47.02873 -31 16 29.6900           ~ 214 0
109 NGC 6453 GlC 17 50 51.77 -34 35 55.1   10.49       ~ 189 0
110 NAME UKS 1 GlC 17 54 27.20 -24 08 43.0           ~ 118 0
111 VVV CL001 Gl? 17 54 42.5 -24 00 53           ~ 46 0
112 ESO 456-29 OpC 17 58 36.610 -32 01 10.72           ~ 24 0
113 NGC 6496 GlC 17 59 03.68 -44 15 57.4   9.96       ~ 251 0
114 GCl 80.1 GlC 18 01 38.80 -26 50 23.0           ~ 143 0
115 ESO 456-38 GlC 18 01 49.10 -27 49 33.0           ~ 120 0
116 NGC 6517 GlC 18 01 50.376 -08 57 34.39   11.08       ~ 215 0
117 ESO 521-16 GlC 18 02 57.40 -26 04 00.0           ~ 123 0
118 NGC 6522 GlC 18 03 34.08 -30 02 02.3           ~ 569 0
119 NGC 6535 GlC 18 03 50.51 -00 17 51.5     9.85     ~ 320 0
120 NGC 6528 GlC 18 04 49.61 -30 03 20.8   12.12 10.65     ~ 561 0
121 NGC 6539 GlC 18 04 49.74 -07 35 09.1           ~ 247 0
122 NGC 6540 GlC 18 06 08.60 -27 45 55.0           ~ 145 0
123 VVV CL160 Cl* 18 06 57.0 -20 00 40           ~ 15 0
124 NGC 6544 GlC 18 07 20.58 -24 59 50.4   11.36 9.90     ~ 332 0
125 NGC 6541 GlC 18 08 02.36 -43 42 53.6           ~ 409 0
126 [HJK2000] GC01 GlC 18 08 21.8 -19 49 47           ~ 69 0
127 ESO 280-6 GlC 18 09 06.000 -46 25 24.00           ~ 74 0
128 NGC 6553 GlC 18 09 15.68 -25 54 27.9   9.08       ~ 644 0
129 NAME 2MASS-GC02 GlC 18 09 36.5 -20 46 44           ~ 67 0
130 NGC 6558 GlC 18 10 17.6 -31 45 50           ~ 265 0
131 IC 1276 GlC 18 10 44.26 -07 12 27.3           ~ 146 0
132 ESO 522-1 GlC 18 12 15.80 -22 44 31.0     14.86     ~ 114 1
133 NGC 6569 GlC 18 13 38.88 -31 49 35.2   10.78 9.47     ~ 276 0
134 ESO 456-78 GlC 18 14 06.600 -28 38 06.00           ~ 82 0
135 NGC 6584 GlC 18 18 37.60 -52 12 56.8     8.17     ~ 317 0
136 NGC 6624 GlC 18 23 40.51 -30 21 39.7           ~ 939 1
137 M 28 GlC 18 24 32.89 -24 52 11.4           ~ 821 0
138 NGC 6638 GlC 18 30 56.25 -25 29 47.1   10.81 9.68     ~ 258 0
139 M 69 GlC 18 31 23.10 -32 20 53.1           ~ 492 0
140 NGC 6642 GlC 18 31 54.23 -23 28 34.1   11.30 10.24     ~ 240 0
141 Gran 4 GlC 18 32 27 -23 06.8           ~ 11 0
142 NGC 6652 GlC 18 35 45.63 -32 59 26.6           ~ 474 0
143 M 22 GlC 18 36 23.94 -23 54 17.1           ~ 1459 0
144 ESO 591-12 GlC 18 41 29.90 -19 49 33.0           ~ 130 0
145 M 70 GlC 18 43 12.76 -32 17 31.6           ~ 421 0
146 NGC 6712 GlC 18 53 04.32 -08 42 21.5           ~ 550 0
147 M 54 GlC 18 55 03.33 -30 28 47.5           ~ 1164 0
148 NGC 6717 GlC 18 55 06.04 -22 42 05.3           ~ 273 0
149 NAME SDG G 18 55 19.0 -30 32 43   4.5 3.6     ~ 2438 2
150 NGC 6723 GlC 18 59 33.15 -36 37 56.1           ~ 543 0
151 NGC 6749 OpC 19 05 15.36 +01 54 00.0     12.4     ~ 178 0
152 NGC 6752 GlC 19 10 52.11 -59 59 04.4           ~ 2121 0
153 NGC 6760 GlC 19 11 12.06 +01 01 49.7   11.37 9.78     ~ 264 0
154 M 56 GlC 19 16 35.57 +30 11 00.5           ~ 455 0
155 Cl Terzan 7 GlC 19 17 43.92 -34 39 27.8           ~ 460 0
156 GCl 111 GlC 19 18 02.10 +18 34 18.0           ~ 138 0
157 Cl Arp 2 GlC 19 28 44.11 -30 21 20.3     12.41     ~ 384 0
158 M 55 GlC 19 39 59.71 -30 57 53.1     6.49     ~ 913 0
159 Cl Terzan 8 GlC 19 41 44.41 -33 59 58.1     11.54     ~ 357 0
160 GCl 114 GlC 19 45 14.40 -08 00 26.0     7.54     ~ 165 0
161 NAME Sagittarius II Gl? 19 52 40.5 -22 04 05           ~ 97 0
162 M 71 GlC 19 53 46.49 +18 46 45.1           ~ 1190 0
163 M 75 GlC 20 06 04.841 -21 55 20.14     8.26     ~ 394 0
164 NGC 6934 GlC 20 34 11.37 +07 24 16.1           ~ 459 0
165 M 72 GlC 20 53 27.70 -12 32 14.3     8.96     ~ 465 0
166 NGC 7006 GlC 21 01 29.465 +16 11 16.49     10.46     ~ 562 0
167 NAME Laevens 3 GlC 21 06 54.3 +14 58 48           ~ 43 0
168 M 15 GlC 21 29 58.33 +12 10 01.2           ~ 3274 0
169 M 2 GlC 21 33 27.02 -00 49 23.7     6.25     ~ 1114 1
170 M 30 GlC 21 40 22.12 -23 10 47.5     7.10     ~ 1121 0
171 Cl Pal 12 GlC 21 46 38.84 -21 15 09.4     11.89     ~ 548 0
172 GCl 124 GlC 23 06 44.48 +12 46 19.2   15.6       ~ 307 1
173 NGC 7492 GlC 23 08 26.68 -15 36 41.3     10.48     ~ 330 0
174 [LRK2022] 64 MGr ~ ~           ~ 10 0
175 NAME Gaia Enceladus-Sausage St* ~ ~           ~ 860 0
176 NAME Helmi Stream St* ~ ~           ~ 144 0
177 NAME Antaeus Stream St* ~ ~           ~ 9 0
178 NAME Aleph Stream St* ~ ~           ~ 15 0
179 NAME Typhon Stream St* ~ ~           ~ 7 0
180 NAME Thamnos Stream St* ~ ~           ~ 63 0

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