2026ApJ...996...83L

The standard 1D stellar evolution model has poor descriptions of the near-surface layers of stars, and this can be improved by using the atmosphere model computed from 3D hydrodynamical simulations. In this work, we validated the model inferences of the 1D-3D coupling models using 18 well-studied stars from the Kepler LEGACY Sample. We compared our estimates of the fundamental parameters determined with the other six pipelines and obtained good consistency. The results indicate that the 1D-3D coupling models can be applied to characterizing solar-like stars with confidence. Our analysis showed a similar pattern for the surface term in stars with an effective temperature range from ∼5000 to ∼6400 K, suggesting that the surface term of the 1D-3D coupling models is simpler and easier to deal with than that of models using classical atmosphere.